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Biol 1407 SPC > Lecture 3: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

How can Prokaryotic tolerate extreme conditions?

A
  • High Salinity
  • Radiation
  • Low pH
  • Extreme temp (hot/cold)
  • In rocks below earth’s surface
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2
Q

Who developed Gram Staining?

A

Hans Christian Gram

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Gram Staining?

A

Determines the type of bacteria

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4
Q

Color posses in Gram +

A

purple

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5
Q

Color posses in Gram -

A

pink

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6
Q

What do cell wall contains in Prokaryotes and what purpose does it serve?

A

Maintains cell shape and contains peptidoglycan

Prevents cell from lysing (cell bursting)

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7
Q

Gram + vs Gram -

A

Gram (+) => - high peptidoglycan
- Stain Purple
- use antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan cross- linking

Gram (-) => - thin layer of peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (lipoprotein)

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8
Q

Capsule def

A

Cell wall surround by sticky layer of polysaccharide (protein)

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9
Q

Functions of Capsule

A
  • Adhere to substrate
  • Protects against dehydration
  • Shield pathogenic prokaryotes from attack by their hosts immune system
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10
Q

Endospores def

A

Bacteria develop resistance cells to withstand harsh conditions

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11
Q

Function of Fimbriae

A

Allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another

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12
Q

Function of Pili

A

Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other

Also called Sex Pilus (exchange in genetic info)

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13
Q

Motility (moving)
How do prokaryotes move?

A

Half are moved by taxis
Taxis- directed movement toward or away from a stimulus

Stimulus= Chemotaxis (+ or -)

(+) Effect of Chemoattractants => towards
(-) Effect of Chemoattranctants => away

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14
Q

Function of Flagella

A

Common structure that enable prokaryotes to move

  • Arose independently
  • Analogous structures
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15
Q

Internal Organization and DNA (prokaryotes)

A
  • simple
  • circular chromosomes (dsDNA)
  • Plasmids (smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules)
  • Replication is similar but ribosomes are different
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16
Q

Reproduction of Prokaryotes

A

Reproduce by Binary Fission (asexual)
- very short generation times

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17
Q

Would you expect low or high levels of genetic diversity within prokaryotes?

A

High levels

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18
Q

3 High levels of genetic diversity are due to…

A

Rapid Reproduction
Mutations
Genetic Recombination

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19
Q

The significance of and mechanisms (3) by which recombinant bacteria form

A

Three mechanisms:
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation

Significance:
= Transformation- Cell is recombinant; cell surface proteins recognize foreign DNA from a closely related species & transport it to cell

= Transduction- bacteriophages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

= Conjugation- DNA is transferred b/w 2 prokaryotic cells (usually of the SAME SPECIES) that are temporarily joined; forms temporary “mating bridge” by sex pilus

20
Q

Compare and contrast the mechanisms (3) [great short ans/ essay question]

A

Transformation deals with taking in foreign DNA (genetic material) through the cell membrane and into its genome.

Transduction is a bacteriophage injecting the foreign DNA into the hosts cell.

Conjugation is DNA being joined by 2 prokaryotic cells (same species) by a temporary “mating bridge” (sex pilus)

Compare: mechanisms that allow DNA to be transfered from one cell to another.

21
Q

F plasmid (F+ cell) vs. Hfr cell (donor)

A

F plasmid (+) = fertility factor in plasmid
- part of chromosome transferred

Hfr cell= [High Freq recombination] fertility factor is located bacterial chromosome (whole transferred)

22
Q

Nutritional & Metabolic Adaptations
Phototrophs

A

derive energy from light

23
Q

Chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

24
Q

Autotrophs

A

need only CO2 or related inorganic compounds as a carbon source (photosynthetic)

25
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require @ least one organic nutrient (ex: glucose)

26
Q

Role of Oxygen in Metabolism
Obligate aerobes

A

MUST use O2 for cellular respiration and CANNOT grow without it

27
Q

Obligate anaearobes

A

Poisoned by O2 and some live by fermentation, other extract chemical for anaerobic respiration

28
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

use O2 if its present BUT can also carry fermentation or anaerobic respiration

29
Q

Nitrogen Metabolism

A
  • production of AA and nucleic acids
  • Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen in many forms
30
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A
  • some cyanobacteria can convert to atmospheric nitrogen to AMMONIA
  • incorporated into AA and other organic molecules
31
Q

Two Domains in Prokaryotes

A

Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria

32
Q

What plays a key role in the evolution of prokaryotes?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

  • genetic diversity is immense
33
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria

A

Mitochondria may have evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria

34
Q

Beta Proteobacteria

A

Aquatic and soil bacteria as well as the species that causes gonorrhea
- Recycling Nitrogen

35
Q

Gamma Proteobacteria

A

Include Legionnaires’ disease, Salmonella,
cholera, & E. coli

36
Q

Delta Proteobacteria

A

slime- secreting myxobacteria

37
Q

Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Most are pathogenic to human or other animals
- Blood poisoning, stomach ulcers (Helicobacter pylori)

38
Q

Archaea

A
  • Extremophiles (known as loving extreme conditions)

halophiles - live in high saline environ
Thermophiles- live in very hot environ

39
Q

Importance of Prokaryotes in biosphere

A

Chemical Recycling
- Function as decomposers
- Convert molecules to forms that can be taken up by other organisms

40
Q

Symbiosis

A

Two species live in close contact w/ each other

41
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit
- E. coli in your intestines helps absorb vitamin K

42
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits while other is neither harmed nor helped

43
Q

Parasitism

A

Eat cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of host
- harm but usually don’t kill their host

44
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing bacteria

45
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Gram (-)
  • ONLY prokaryotes that perform PLANT-LIKE, O2 producing photosynthesis
  • ancestral species form which chloroplasts evolved

Biol 1407 SPC (9 decks)

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