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Biol 1407 SPC > Lecture 1: History of Life on Earth > Flashcards

Lecture 1: History of Life on Earth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of “time” in the geologic record?

A

Eons > Eras > Periods > Epochs

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2
Q

Formation of Earth

A

Occur 4.6 bya (billion years ago)

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3
Q

Prokaryotes came first

A

3.6 bya

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4
Q

Conditions of early Earth
- How did the first living cells appear?

A

Hypothesis: chemical and physical processes could have produced simple cells

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5
Q

Conditions of early Earth
- What type of hypothesis deals with Synthesis of Organic Compounds of Early Earth?

A

Oparin- Haldane Hypothesis (1920)
- Earth’s early atmosphere was likely a reducing environment where organic compounds could have formed simpler molecules

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6
Q

How many stages had the hypothesis and what each represented?

A

4 stages

1) the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2) joining of small molecules into macromolecules
3) packaging of macromolecules into protocells
4) origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

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7
Q

Conditions of Early Earth
- Who tested this hypothesis of Synthesis of Organic Compounds?

A

Miller & Urey’s Experiment (1953)
- AA found in modern organisms
- other organic compounds

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8
Q

How do we date fossils?

A

Measure half-life of radioactive isotopes

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9
Q

Archaean Eon

A
  • First single-celled organisms
  • sole inhabitants for more than 1.5 billion years
  • oxygen levels increase
  • Anaerobic
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10
Q

The oxygen revolution changed Earth’s environment dramatically. The presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere likely led to what?

A

Aerobic Respiration

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11
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A

First Eukaryotic Cells ~1.8 bya

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12
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

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13
Q

What is Endosymbiont?

A

a cell that lives within another cell (host cell)

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14
Q

Evidence that supported the Endosymbiont Theory

A

Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids

  • inner membrane have enzymes and transport systems homologous to those in living prokaryotes
  • Own DNA (Circular DNA)
  • Replication similar to some prokaryotes
  • Machinery for protein synthesis
  • Ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes
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15
Q

Origin of Multicellularity

A
  • Colonial Hypothesis (more leaning towards)
  • Syncytial Hypothesis
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16
Q

What is Colonial Hypothesis?

A

Stick together, dependent, result to two radial ancestors

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17
Q

What is Syncytial Hypothesis?

A

only creates radial animals

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18
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

Colonization of land (~ 500 mya)

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19
Q

What did the Colonization of Land do the adaptations of the environment?

A
  • They facilitated reproduction on land
  • Minimized desiccation
  • Requires eggs that don’t dry out
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20
Q

What animals had the Colonization of Land (Paleozoic Era)?

A
  • Arthropods among first animals to colonize land
  • Followed by tetrapods the evolved from lobe-finned fishes

Tetrapods= 4 foot

= Acanthostega- first to recognize limbs
= Tiktaalik- fish similar to tetrapods

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21
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

Age of Reptiles
“ Age of the Dinosaurs”

22
Q

What plants had in the Mesozoic Era?

A

Cone-bearing plants dominant

23
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

Age of Mammals

24
Q

Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period

A
  • Cone-bearing plants (gymnosperms) dominate landscape
  • dinosaurs evolve and radiate
  • origin of mammals
25
Q

Mesozoic Era, Jurassic Period

A
  • Gymnosperms continue to dominate plants
  • dinosaurs abundant and diverse
26
Q

Mesozoic Era, Cretaceous Period

A
  • Flowering plants (angiosperms) appear and diversity
  • many groups of organisms. including most dinosaurs, become extinct at end of period
27
Q

Continental Drift

A

Movements in the mantle cause the plates to move over time

28
Q

Rise and Fall of Flora and Fauna
What is related to speciation and extinction rates?

A
  • Plate tectonics
  • Mass extinctions
  • Adaptive radiations
29
Q

what are the consequences of the Continental Drift?

A
  • Changes in climate
  • Changes in coastal area vs. inner landmass area
  • Water levels change
30
Q

How many Mass Extinctions happend?

A

5

31
Q

What are the names of the Mass Extinctions?

A
  • Ordovician- Silurian Mass Extinction
  • Late Devonian
  • The Permian Extinction
  • Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction
  • The Cretaceous Extinction
32
Q

What is the name of the mass extinction that was called the K-T Extinction?

A

the Cretaceous Extinction

33
Q

Era/Period of Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction

A
  • Paleozoic Era,
  • Between Ordovician and Silurian Period
34
Q

Year of Ordovician- Silurian Mass Extinction

A

455-430 MYA

35
Q

Era/Period of Late Devonian

A

Paleozoic Era
End of Devonian Period

36
Q

Year of Late Devonian

A

359 MYA

37
Q

Era/Period of The Permian Extinction

A
  • Paleozoic Era
  • End of Permian Period
38
Q

Year of Permian Extinction

A

251 MYA

39
Q

Era/Period of Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction

A

Mesozoic Era
Between Triassic and Jurassic Period

40
Q

Year of Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction

A

200 MYA

41
Q

Era/Period of Cretaceous Extinction

A

Mesozoic Era
End of Cretaceous Period

42
Q

Year of Cretaceous Extinction

A

65 MYA

43
Q

Life forms affect during Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extin?

A
  • Most life was aquatic
  • Trilobites and early mollusks drastically reduced in number
44
Q

Life forms affect during Late Devonian Mass Extin?

A

75% of all species dried out
- life in shallow seas affected more than other life forms

45
Q

Life forms affect during The Permian Extinction?

A

“The Great Dying”
- 96% of marine animal species drastically altered life in ocean
- most extreme episode of volcanism

46
Q

How can volcanism affect life forms?

A
  • Produced enough CO2 to warm global climate by 6 C
  • ocean become acidic
47
Q

Life forms affect during Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinc?

A

-50% of all species became extinct
- Marine reptiles
- some large amphibians
- reef-building creatures
- large numbers of cephalopod mollusks

  • many species of plants survived
48
Q

Life forms affect during Cretaceous Extinc?

A
  • gone more than half of all marine species
  • eliminate many families of terrestrial plants and animals
  • including all dinosaurs
49
Q

What type of events led to changes on Earth that may have influenced these extinction and subsequent adaptive radiation events?

A
  • The Permian Extinc
  • Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinc
  • Cretaceous Extinc
50
Q

What led to the asteroid evidence of the K-T Extinction?

A
  • Discovery of Chicxulub Crater (same age as K-T boundary)
  • Finding tsunami deposits in the Brazos River Basin, Texas
  • Discovering gravitational field anomalies on the Yucatan peninsula, from surveys done for oil exploration
  • Identifying spherules and shocked quartz in Haiti
  • Finding that an isotope of plutonium is not in the K-T boundary layer
51
Q

What Period/Era/Epoch evolved in Humans?

A

Cenozoic Era
Quaternary Period
Holocene Epoch

Biol 1407 SPC (9 decks)

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