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Biol 1407 SPC > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ch 32.
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Ancestor of animals? Supporting evidence?

A

Choanoflagellate bc of Morphological & Molecular evidence
- This means that share key structures and functions.
- Share genes that encode certain proteins called Cadherins
( How animals cells attach each other)
( Cell signaling pathways)

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2
Q

Ch 32.
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Basal taxon? Why?

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

  • Lack tissues
  • No hox genes
  • asymmetrical
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3
Q

Ch 32
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Emphasis on phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

A

look at the map

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4
Q

Ch 32.
Animal body plans

Types of Symmetry and Differences

A

Asymmetry - Animals cannot be divided into similar halves on any plane ( ex: sponges)

Radial Symmetry- Arrangement of parts around single main axis ( ex: jellyfish)
No true head—> only 2 tissue layers
+ Aboral & Oral (mouth)

Bilateral Symmetry- Arrangement of an organism along a central axis so organism can be divided into 2 equal halves (ex; humans, fish, snakes, etc) (more complexity)
+ Anterior (front), ventral (belly), dorsal (back/spine), posterior (bottom)

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5
Q

Ch 32.
Tissues

Diploblastic vs Triploblastic

What does gastrulation do?

A

Diploblastic = 2 embryonic tissue layers

Triploblastic = 3 embryonic tissue layers

During Gastrulation, germ layers forms various tissue and organs of the body

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6
Q

Ch 32.
Tissues

3 Types of Tissues

Know which structures each tissue layer gives rise to during embryonic development

A

Ectoderm = gives rise to outer covering of an animals and in some phyla (central nervous system)

Endoderm = gives rise to digestive tract and organs of vertebrates

Mesoderm = forms muscles and most organs b/w digestive tract and outer covering of the animal

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7
Q

Ch 32.
Body Cavities (*Coelom)

Define/Describe 3 Types of Body Cavities

A

Coelomates = possess a TRUE COELOM from mesoderm
- Mesenteries ( inner and outer layers of tissue surround cavity connect and form structure that suspend internal organs)

Pseudocoelomates (false) = possess a PSEDOCOELOM formed from mesoderm and endoderm (organs lies freely w/in cavity

Acoelmates = lack a body cavity (organs encased w/in body tissue

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8
Q

Ch 32.
Body Cavities

Be able to give examples of animals that posses each type of (3) Body Cavities

A

Coelomates = earthworms, mammals, reptiles
=> Have mesentaries (rounded and suspending internal organs)

Pseudocoelomates = nematodes
=> have false round, no mesentaries, no organ structure

Acoelomate = flat worm “Planaria)
=> solid mass not much for organ development (looks like a squashed triangle)

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8
Q

Trends of animal evolution

Simple —————> complex

Asymmetry —–> Radial —–> bilateral

sessile (attach to substrate & will not move) -> gentle stirrings/swim —-> Run, jump, walk…

Filter feeders ( nutrition) —-> herbivory, scavengar, detritivores —-> predatory

A

What are the benefits of body cavities?

  • Facilitate larger body size
  • May act as hydrostatic skeleton (support body but remain flexible)
  • More room for organ development
  • greater area for exchange
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9
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Porifera

1) Unique characteristics

A

Sponges
- sessile & lack true tissues
- filter feeders

Two cell Layers
- gas exchange + waste removal by diffusion

Reproduction = Monoecious (one will have male + female sex cell)
some undergo asexual reproduction

Totipotent (cell capable in giving rise to any cell type with sponge)

Ameobocytes = Take up food and carry nutrient to other cells
- Make tough skeletal fibers called spicules (rigid) or flexible fibers w/ spongin (flexible)

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10
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Porifera

2) Anatomy of sponge & function of cells types

A

Osculum= opening thru which water exits

Spongocoel = interior space

Choanocytes = flagellated cell w/ collar that function in filter feeding

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11
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

1) unique Characteristics

2) Two body morphs

A

1) Sessile + motile form
- diploblastic (only 2 embryonic bodies = no body cavity)
- radial symmetry (oral + aboral)(based on location of mouth)

2) Polyps = Mouth/anus on top, body stalk on bottom * squiggly lines up

Medusa = mouth/anus on bottom *squiggly lines down

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12
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

3) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Contain Cnidocytes= cells for defense and prey capture
- contain cnidae= organelles exploding outward
- Nemotocysts= stinging thread that penetrate body wall of prey

Nerve Net= response to stimulus (depends on stimulus strength)

Diffusion- travel by short distance, very quick, all cell contact by water

2 clades of cnidarians:
- Medusozoans= produce a Medusa (go thru alternation of generation)
- Anthozoans = polyp only, don’t go thru alterations of generation, gastrovascular cavity) Exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate

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13
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

4) Alternation of generations

A

meiosis- release egg + sperm
Dioecious (2 separate sexes)
Polyp= asexual, sessile form
Medusa= free swimming sexual generation
Larva = alternation of generations (Panula)

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14
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

1) Unique Characteristics

A

Flat worms

-Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic
- Central nervous system (nerve ladder)
- Acoelomate (no body cavity)
- No organ for circulation
- Flatted shape beneficial? => increase surface area

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15
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • Protonephridia network of tubules with ciliated structures called FLAME BULBS, pull fluid thru branched ducts opening to outside
  • or allows osmoregulation

-Digestive cavity with 1 opening
- Diverticula = branch off gastrovascular cavity ( increase surface area for nutrient absorbtion + distribution.

  • Auricles = chemosensory
  • eyespots = photosensory
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16
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

3) Evolutionary adaptations to parasitic lifestyles

A

They have dorsoventrally flattened body and bear hooks and suckers to get attached inside the body of the host.

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17
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

1) Unique Characteristics
(for phylum and each class)

A
  • All soft bodied
  • Most secrete HARD PROTECTIVE SHELL made up of CALCIUM CARBONATE
  • slugs, squids, + octopuses have reduced internal shell or lost completely
    squids= reduced slugs+octopus = lost

Class Polyplacophora (many plates)
- Chitons
- 8 dorsal plates, foot= locomotion + suction to surface, RADULA eat algae off rock surface

Class Gastropoda
- Rippling motion by foot or cilia, single + spiraled shell, eye stalks (head w/ eyes at tips of tentacles), Terrestrial snails lack gills= mantle functions as lungs (gas exchange)

Class Bivalvia
- All aquatic
-ADDUCTOR MUSCLES = draw them tightly together to protect soft body (2 halves connected by hinge)
- no distinct head
- FILTER FEEDER

Class Cephalopoda
- Active marine predators
- Shell reduces and internal
- Well develops sense organs
- Complex brain = most intelligent

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18
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • Coelomates => triploblasic, bilateral symmetry
  • ONLY MOLLUSKS have CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, rest is open circulatory
  • Eyes similar to structures in vertebrate eyes
  • Pigment cells called CHROMOTOPHORES (pigment cells) change color of animal
  • INK = Defense mechanism
  • Body Plan
    MANTLE CAVITY => water filled chamber that house gills, anus, and excretory pores
    RADULA => scraping structure used for feeding (obtain nutrition)
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19
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

3) Three parts of molluscan body

A

3 main parts:
MUSCULAR FOOD = locomotion
VISERAL MASS = contains most internal organs
MANTLE = fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes a shell

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20
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Annelida

1) Unique Characteristics

A
  • Segmented (metamerism)
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Coelom (true body cavity)
  • Paired, epidermal setae (bristle like hair)
  • CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • Dorsal suprapharyngeal ganglia and ventral nerve cord
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21
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Annelida

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

METAMERISM
- each segment has its own excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures
- Allow flexible support of body
- Forms hydrostatic compartments *hydrostatic skeleton
- Efficient locomotion

Gives rise to TAGMATIZATION = permits modification of certain body regions for specialized functions

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22
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

1) Unique characteristics

A
  • cylindrical bodies with posterior end (back)
  • Body covered by tough nonliving cuticle
  • PSEUDOCOELOM = triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
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23
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Female larger
male have hook tails

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24
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

3) Evolutionary adaptations to parasitic lifestyles

A
  • high reproductive potential (lots of eggs + sperm)
  • life cycles increase likelihood of transmission from one host to another
  • enzyme resistant cuticle
  • resistant eggs
  • encysted larvae
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25
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

4) Parasites of humans

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant intestinal worm)
- live in small intestine + produce large # of eggs that exit w/ feces

Necator americanus (the new world hookworm)
- Adults live in small intestine, hold onto intestinal wall w/ teeth and feed on blood and tissue fluids

Trichinella Spiralis (the porkworm)
- Young larvae encyst in muscle and remain infective for years
- trichinosis = another host must ingest the infected meat to continue life cycle

Filarial Worms
- live in lymphatic system where they block vessels, transmitted by mosquitoes. causes ELAPHANTIASIS
- Dirofilaria immitis found in dogs called heartworm disease

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26
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Arthropoda

1) Unique characteristics

A
  • Most belong in which group? Class Insecta
  • Arthropod success
    • Segmented body
    • Hard exoskeleton ( prevents dessication)
    • Jointed appendages (better range of motion)
  • Bilateral symmetry => triploblastic
  • coelom
  • appendages for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense
  • Body completely covered by cuticle (exoskeleton)
  • Well developed sensory organs
  • Open circulatory system (fluid: hemolymph)
  • Vary gas exchange organs (gills, book lungs, tracheal system)
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27
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Arthropoda

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Exoskeleton = constructed players of layers protein and chitin (polysaccharide

Ecdysis = shed in order for arthropod to grow

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28
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Arthropoda

3) Evolution of flight

A

HAT
H= head
A = abdomen
T= thorax

Wings are extensions of cuticle (exoskeleton) (1-2 pairs on thorax)

Advantages
- Escape predation
- Find food + mates
- dispersal in new habitats

29
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Arthropoda

4) Metamorphosis (drastic change)

A

Incomplete metamorphosis
= Young larva (nymphs) resemble adults but smaller, different body proportions, and lack wings (mini -adult)

Complete Metamorphosis
= larval stages specialized for eating and growing
adults stage specialized for dispersal and reproduction

30
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Echinodermata

1) Unique characteristics
(for phylum, subphyla, and classes)

A
  • Slow moving or sessile
  • thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
31
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Echinodermata

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

    a) Water vascular system structures and order of flow of water thru system
A

a) Water vascular system = network of hydraulic canal branching into TUBE FEET that function in locomotion and feeding
- sexual reproduction- release gametes into water
- Larva have bilateral symmetry adults have secondary radial (pentaradial symmetry)

32
Q

Ch 34
4 Unique characters found in Chordates

A
  1. Notochord
    = provides support
    = reduces + forms parts of the gelatinous disks b/w vertebrae in humans
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve tube
  3. pharyngeal slits or clefts
  4. post-anal tail
33
Q

Ch 34
Invertebrate Chordates
(Subphyla Urochordata & Cephalochordata)

A

Cephalochordata
= lancelets (basal group of living chordates)
= dorsal fin
= no paired appendages

Urochordata
= Tunicates = outer covering
= Present in the larva

34
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawless Fishes (agnathans- hagfish & lamprey)

Know classification and unique characteristics

A
  • 2 or more sets of Hox genes (genes that control patterns of embryonic development); lancelets and tunicates only have ONE
  • Development of a skull and backbone
35
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

a) origin of bone, teeth, & jaws; unique characteristics

A
  • Bony skeletons later development in evolution of vertebrates
  • Process of mineralization in vertebrates?
    Transition in feeding mechanisms (predatory behavior)
  • mineralization likely began in the mouth and was later incorporated into protective armor
36
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

b) Class Chondrichthyes
- Unique characteristics

A
  • Jaws= evolved by modification of the anterior most pair of pharyngeal slits
    = remaining gill slits were modified into respiratory structure
    = basically assumulation of mutations
  • Predatory behavior
  • Enlarged forebrain
    • Enhanced smell + vision
  • Aquatic gnathostomes have a lateral line system (sensory pits)
37
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

b) Class Chondrichthyes
- Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Beneficial= last yrs in obtaining food
- Carnivores
- suspension feeders

38
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

b) Class Chondrichthyes
- shark reproduction

A

3 types
- OVIPAROUS = lay eggs outside of mother’s body
- OVOVIVIPAROUS = fertilized eggs are retained in the oviduct.
- VIVIPAROUS = Live birth

reproductive tract empties w/ excretory system & digestive tract into CLOACA

39
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

c) Class Actinopterygii
- Unique characteristics

A
  • Body shape & mucus secretions ( reduces force acting against your body)
  • Class Sarcoptergyii (lobe-finned fishes)
    The lineage that give rise to tetrapods
40
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata

1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

c) Class Actinopterygii
- Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • swim bladder: gases are shuttled b/w blood and swim bladder
  • Operculum: gills cover by protective bony flap (ventilate & protect)
  • Flattened bony scales cover skin ( glands secrete mucus over the skin)
  • Most oviparous (egg- laying)
41
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

d) Evolution of terrestrialism- fossil evidence

A

presence functional lungs in lungfishes has led to the suggestion that lungfish lineages may have been ancestral to modern terrestrial vertebrates

  • Fossil of TIKTAALIK
    = first SARCOPTERGYIAN fossil to show evidence of pectoral girdle and a freely moveable neck
42
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Amphibia
- Unique characteristics

A
  • larval stage = tadpole
  • Amphibia = both ways of life
  • During metamorphosis, tadpole develops legs, lungs, external eardrums, and digestive system similar to CARNIVOROUS DIET
  • Benefit larvae to adult —> reduce competition b/w larva and Adult
43
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Amphibia
- Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • live in damp habitations (rely on cutaneous respiration= respiration over skin)
  • Fertiliation= external

-Salamander: retain moisture, Paedomophosis = common among aquatic salamanders.

  • Frogs: wet environ, smooth skin

-Toad: bumpy skin & dry environ
- Both secrete distasteful or poisonous mucus (granular glands)

-Prevent hybridization
- air sacs =reproduction
- physiological readiness for females to mate

44
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

f) Amniotic egg- structure and function
(be able to identify layers in a figure)

A
  • Amnion: protects and cushions the embryo
  • Chorion: exchange gases b/w embryo & air
  • Yolk sac: nourishes the embryo
  • Allantois: disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by embryo
  • Albumen: hydrates embryo & provides protein (egg white)
45
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Reptilia
- Unique characteristics

A
  • Possess keratin (protection from desiccation and abrasion)
  • Fertilization internal: shelled eggs on land

Ectothermic= regulate body temp (run to a shade and cool)
Birds are endothermic (bc of flight=> so much energy)

46
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Reptilia
- Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • flight = 2nd adaptions of birds
  • Lack urinary bladder, females have one ovary, toothless, wings & feathers, and bones are honeycombed

Carapace= dorsal portion
Plastron = ventral portion

47
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Reptilia
- Important fossil(s)

A

Archaeopteryx

Linked to lineages of birds to non-avian reptiles

Placoderms= extinct lineage of armored vertebrates

48
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Mammalia
- Unique characteristics

A
  • Mammary Glands
    -Hair
  • Endothermic
  • Efficient respiratory & cirulatory systems
  • Larger Brain
  • Differentiated Teeth (heterodox ) (Teeth specilaied for diff functions)
49
Q

Ch 34
Subphylum Craniata
1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata)

e) Class Mammalia
- Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Monotremes (oviparous mammals )( lay eggs, produce milk but lack nipples)

Marsupials = Short gestation period ( multiple offspring in diff stages of develop)
- primitive placenta (reproduce faster)
- Young born early & subsequently carried in a marsupial pouch)

Eutherians= Placental (viviparious= give live birth)
- Born advanced stage of development
- Placenta ( intimate & close connection b/w mother and offspring)

50
Q

Put the early stages of embryonic development in the correct order

I. Zygote
ll. Gastrula
lll. Blastula
lV. Eight-Cell stage
V. Gastrulation

A

I, IV, III, V, II

Zygote, Eight-Cell stage, Blastula, Gastrulation, Gastrula

51
Q

What type of symmetry does is observed in the picture to the right?

pic of sunflower

A

Radial Symmetry

52
Q

In an embryo, the germ layer that develops into the epidermis (dermal tissue) is the:

A

Ectoderm

53
Q

An incomplete digestive system is one that has:

A

a single opening

54
Q

Members of the phylum _________ are characterized by bilateral symmetry, epidermal setae, a true coelom, closed circulatory system, and are segmented

A

Annelida

55
Q

A closed circulatory system means that:

A

Circulatory fluid remains inside the heart and blood vessels

56
Q

Organisms that must shed their outer cuticle in order to grow are in which phylogenetic group?

A

Ecdysozoa

57
Q

Which of the following components of a body plan would impose the strongest restriction on body size in animals?

A

Acoelomate

58
Q

Which protists are morphically and molecularly similar to animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

59
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of the Ediacaran Biota?

A

Soft bodied & Simple bodies

60
Q

In general, which of the following trends are observed (and well documented) in the evolution of animal life on Earth?

I. Asymmetry —> Radial symmetry —> Bilateral symmetry

ll. Filter Feeding —> Scavenging/herbivory —> predatory behavior

lll. complex body plans —> simple body plans

A

I and II

61
Q

In the phylum Porifera, the specialized cells that allow water to flow thru the sponge’s body wall into the spongocoeal are the …

A

Porocytes

62
Q

Cnidarians have which of the following structures/characters:

  • Dioecious
  • Nerve net
  • Radial Symmetry
  • Mesoglea
A

All of these

63
Q

Which group of cnidarians never go thru alternation of generations?

A

Anthozoans

64
Q

What is the benefit of a dorso-ventrally flattened shape in the Platyhelminthes?

A

Increase surface area for gas exchange, diffusion of wastes across the body wall, etc.

65
Q

Which of the following is/are common characteristics observed in all parasitic worms such as the tapeworm, human liver fluke, and Ascaris?

  • Structures that allow for attachment to host tissues
  • High reproductive potential
  • lack of a mouth and digestive organs
A

All of these

66
Q

The first animal group to show metamerism were the

A

Annelids

67
Q

All organisms classified in the Subphylum Cheliceriformes

I. Lack antennae
II. Have 3 body tagmata
III. Possess 4 pairs of walking legs
IV. Use gills for respiration

A

I and III

68
Q

Which of the following are FALSE regarding organisms in the phylum Echinodermata?

  • Larval echinoderms possess bilateral symmetry whereas the adults possess secondary radial symmetry
  • Echinoderms possess and internal skeleton composed of calcium carbonate
  • Oral and aboral are used to differentiate b/w the two sides of the body in adult echinoderms
  • Echinoderms have internal fertilization
A

Echinoderms have internal fertilization

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the unique characteristics found only in the Phylum Chordata?

  • Notochord
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve tube
  • Postanal tail
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Excretory structures
A

Excretory Structures

Biol 1407 SPC (9 decks)

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