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PODT > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA consist of?

A

DNA consists of two antiparallel strands of complementary bases?

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2
Q

What way are bases added onto DNA

A

Added from 5’ to 3’ (5 prime to 3 prime)

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3
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Sugar and a base

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4
Q

What are the differences in DNA and RNA

A

DNA - ATGC

RNA - AUGC

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5
Q

Which are the Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)

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6
Q

Which are the Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (1 ring)

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7
Q

What is the sense and antisense strands

A 
Sense strand (coding strand) 5' to 3' 
Antisense strand (non- coding) 3' to 5'
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8
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46 chromosomes - 22 pairs and the XX (females) and XY (males)

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9
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication

A

Semi-conservative replication
Unwinding at the replication origin
Building complementary strand in 5’ to 3’ direction (DNA synthesis begins at replication forks)
Join fragments together

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10
Q

How are new bases added to the template strand?

A

Each new base is linked via a phosphate group to the 3’ OH of the growing strand

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11
Q

What is released when each base is added?

A

Pyrophosphate

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12
Q

How is DNA replication catalysed?

A

Catalysed by DNA polymerase - it stays attached and attaches new bases

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13
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Short strands made in the 5’ to 3’ direction, they are made in small pieces discontinuously, then DNA ligase joins the short strands together via back stitching

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14
Q

Where can mutations occur ?

A

Any region of the gene:

  • exon
  • intron
  • promoter
  • enhancer
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15
Q

What is a gene

A

The functional unit of the genome

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16
Q

Draw a gene in more detail

A

in notes

17
Q

Whats the purpose of m7G

A

Increases stability

18
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA to mRNA, RNA polymerase is the main enzyme involved

19
Q

What are the four key elements for transcription?

A
  1. TSS - Transcription Start Site
  2. TATA Box - signal for start of transcription
  3. Promoter - Where transciption factors bind to regulate transcription
  4. Stop Site - Signal for RNA to stop copying DNA template into RNA
20
Q

Describe processing of mRNA

A

The introns are removed, coding regions are joined to produce mRNA and the poly A tail and 5’ cap are added for stability and export from the nucleus

21
Q

What is a codon

A

Base triplet of amino acids

22
Q

What do proteins start with

A

Met (AUG)

23
Q

What do proteins always end with?

A

A stop codon (UGA, UAA or UAG)

24
Q

What can a deletion of a base cause

A

A frameshift mutation

25
Q

What is the role of transfer RNAs

A

Contain an anticodon that recognise the codon for each amino acid

26
Q

What are the different sites and in what order

A

E site –> P site –> A site

27
Q

What happens after translation?

A

Proteins are transferred to the Golgi apparatus for polishing

PODT (24 decks)

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