Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is most of the cell
Water
How is the DNA arranged in the cell
Wrapped around histones
What are the two types of chromatin
Euchromatin - Less condensed
Heterochromatin - Highly condensed
How many bonds are there between AT and GC and what does this mean?
2 bonds between A and T and 3 bonds between G and C therefore, more energy is required to break GC than AT
What are the five types of chemical bonds?
- Hydrogen bonds - N, O or F attract H and between dipoles of water
- Ionic interactions - Electrical attractions - Metal and Non metals
- Covalent bonds - two NON metals
- Van der Waals
- Hydrophobic interactions
What is special about covalent bonds
They have a precise 3D structure and are defined by bond angles and bond lengths
What is special about C-C and C=C?
C-C allows rotation whereas C=C does not allow any rotation
What is Novichok
Novichok inhibits acetylcholinesterase - Nervous inhibitor
Whats the phrase about dissolving
Like dissolves like therefore water will dissolve polar molecules but will not dissolve non-polar molecules
What are the main polymers found in cells
- Polysaccharides
- Fats/Lipids
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins - polymers of 20 different amino acids in specific sequences
Sugars
- What is the simplest form of a sugar
- What is the formula for a sugar
- What are three sugars
- What are disaccharides?
- What is the rhyme?
- What is lactose made of?
- What type of bonds are between polysaccharides?
- What is glycogen made of?
- What is an oligosaccharide?
- What are the functions of a glycoprotein?
- Monosaccharides
- (CH20)n
- Glucose, Mannose and Galactose (all isomers)
- Simple polysaccharides
- My Great Granny Sucks Fruit Gums
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose - Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
- Glycosidic bonds
- Glucose
- Short chain polysaccharides
- -Prevent blood cells sticking together
- Cell communication
- Cellular identity
Fatty acids
- What is palmitic acid?
- Draw a fatty acid
- How are fatty acids stores in the cytoplasm
- What are the two types of fats?
- Whats special about fatty acids?
- What’s another lipid?
- What are the four functions of membrane bound proteins
- Amphipathic - both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
- Carboxyl group at the head which behaves as an acid - hydrophilic and long hydrocarbon chain - hydrophobic
- Triacylglycerol
- Saturated - No double bonds, from meat and dairy
Unsaturated - Double bonds, from plant based products - They can be metabolised to generate energy by entering at different points in aerobic respiration
- Phospholipids
- Transporters, Anchors, Receptors and Enzymes
Nucleic acids
1. What are three functions of nucleotides?
- Carry chemical energy in the easily hydrolysed phosphoanhydride bonds
- Combine with other groups to form coenzymes
- Used as signalling molecules in the cell
- Carry chemical energy in the easily hydrolysed phosphoanhydride bonds
Amino acids / Proteins
- What is the general formula for an amino acid and what does it exist as
- What is a zwitterion
- What are amino acids in acid
- What are amino acids in neutral
- What are amino acids in alkaline
- What are proteins?
- How are peptide bonds formed?
- Give the four types and an explanation of protein structure
- What happens when protein assembly goes wrong?
- In notes and it exists as a zwitterion
- A compound with no overall charge, but which contains separate parts which are positively and negatively charged
- They are pronated which means its NH3 and COOH
- Zwitterions
- All depronated which means NH2 and COO-
- Amino acid chains joined together by peptide bonds
- Condensation reactions
- 1) Primary - Amino acid sequence - Covalent bonds
2) Secondary - Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet - H bonds
3) Tertiary - 3D structure - Hydrophobic bonds
4) Quaternary - Multi protein complex - Cystic fibrosis - mutations in Cl- protein channel
Aspartic acid
Asp - D - Negative
