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EAS > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cycles

A
  • trace the flow of material and or energy through systems

- show both reservoirs and processes

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2
Q

What is a cycle called when it is quantified?

A
  • a budget
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3
Q

What are the energy inputs of the energy cycle?

A
  • solar radiation
  • geothermal energy (released from nuclear decay of uranium and thorium) through convection and conduction
  • tidal energy
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4
Q

What are the energy loses of the energy cycle?

A
  • reflection into space

- re-radiation as radiant heat

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5
Q

The hydrologic cycle: Budget

A
  • atmosphere 0.013x10^15 meters cubed
  • ocean 1359x10^15 meters cubed
  • land 33.6x10^15 meters cubed (glaciers, ground water, lakes, streams, biosphere)
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6
Q

The hydrologic cycle: reservoirs

A

Oceans 97.5%
Ice sheets <2%
Groundwater <1%
Lakes, rivers, atmospheres 0.01%

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7
Q

Reservoir change

A

For most reservoirs, the rate of flow in balances the rate of flow out

Volume of water in the reservoir is approximately constant

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8
Q

When flow in>flow out

A

Reservoir expands

“Sink”

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9
Q

When flow out>flow in

A

Reservoir contracts

“Source”

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10
Q

The ice sheet reservoir has been getting smaller over time because

A

Melting>snowfall

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11
Q

Resident time

A

Size of reservoir/flow rate

A measure of HOW LONG the average water molecule spends in the reservoir

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12
Q

Typical residence times?

A

Oceans and ice caps: thousands of years

Streams and rivers: a few weeks

Atmosphere: a few days

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13
Q

Our solar system

A

Centers around a single sun

Numerous objects orbiting sun including dwarf and minor planets, comets

Satellites orbiting planets

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14
Q

The solar system is…

A

A heterogenous distribution of planets around the sun

Terrestrial planets closer in radius than Jovian planets

Sun->mercury->Venus->earth->mars->Jupiter->Saturn
->Uranus->Neptune

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15
Q

Terrestrial planets

A

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

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16
Q

Jovian planets

A

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

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17
Q

The sun as a star

A

Fairly average star in universe

~700 000 km radius (109x Earths)
~10^30 kg (300 000 x Earths mass)

18
Q

Source of solar energy in sun

A

Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium

In core-62% helium 38% hydrogen

19
Q

Sun’s energy output

A
  • 3.8 x 10^26 W total energy output
  • 1.7x10^17 W reaches Earth
  • energy flux at Earth’s distance is 1370 W/meter squared
20
Q

Energy flux on earth’s surface

A

Energy flux is reduced away from equator because the angle of incidence is shallower and energy is spread over a larger area

This is responsible for the generally warmer temeorature near the equator

21
Q

Effects of orbital changes

A
  • all of these cycles affect the distribution of solar energy over earth’s surface:
    - Precision of equinoxes (wobble of axis)
    - tilt of axis (changes slightly changing seasons)
    - Eccentricity (high eccentricity leads to extremes)

-affect earth’s climate

22
Q

Planets discovered with a telescope p?

A

-Uranus and Neptune and several dwarf planets

23
Q

How are planets divided into two categories

A

Based on density and distance from sun

24
Q

Terrestrial planets are classified according to

A

Closest to sun
Rocky crust
Denser rocky mantle
Metallic core

25
Q

Jovian planets are classified according to

A

Further from the sun
Hydrogen-rich atmosphere
Liquid hydrogen interior
Dense rocky core

26
Q

Mercury

A

-closest to sun so its hot
-lots of craters because of decretion impact
(Earth has active plate tectonics and erosions so no craters)

27
Q

Venus

A

Same size and mass of earth

Second from sun

Doesn’t allow liquid water

Dense atmosphere comprised mainly of carbon dioxide

28
Q

Earth

A

Primarily nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere

Allows for liquid water at surface

Distance from sun is essential in development of life

29
Q

Mars

A

No atmosphere so extreme temperatures

Decretion impact resulted in loss of magnetic field and the inability to deflect UV radiation

Radiation is stripping off carbon dioxide atmosphere (thinning)

Used to have liquid water

30
Q

Jupiter and moon Ganymede

A

Biggest

Composition of its core is rocky and contains components of water

Impermeable atmosphere

31
Q

Jupiter and Europa

A

Thick crust of ice (wavelength at which it absorbs emissions tells us this)

Could be liquid water underneath ice

32
Q

Saturn

A
  • rocky core

- atmosphere 90% hydrogen and traces of ammonium gas that crystallize (gives it yellow appearance)

33
Q

Saturn and its moons

A

~62 moons

Promising for life

34
Q

Uranus

A

Blue comes from traces of methane

Absorbs light in blue region

35
Q

Neptune

A

80% hydrogen and traces of methane

Severe storms that exceed supersonic velocities

Cold (-200 degrees Celsius)

36
Q

These planets are all found in..

A

Asteroid belt

37
Q

Kuiper belt

A

Termination shock

Heliopause

Bow shock

38
Q

Oort belt

A

Contains billions of comets

39
Q

Dwarf planets

A

Five official ones:

  • Pluto (3 moons: Charon, Nix, hydra)
  • Ceres (in the asteroid belt)
  • Eris (one moon is past Pluto and is bigger. Biggest object in the Kuiper belt)
  • Makemake (in Kuiper belt)
  • Haumea (2 moons, Kuiper belt)
40
Q

Satellites

A
  • orbit around planets
  • most are very small compared to parent planet (except moon)
  • moon generates tides in hydrosphere
41
Q

Moon formation

A
  1. 4.5 billion years ago Earth runs into Theia
  2. Theia is destroyed along with a chunk of Earth which blast into orbit around Earth which knocks earth’s axis of rotation askew
  3. The debris spreads itself into a ring and begins to clump together
  4. The largest clump starts to attract other fragments and is well on its way to becoming the moon

EAS (19 decks)

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