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Behavioral Endocrinology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What question does in situ hybridization answer?

A

Where is the hormone being produced and in what quantity

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2
Q

What are the steps from the leptin case study?

A
  1. Clone gene, make purified Leptin
  2. Run a replacement study (ob/ob vs ob/ob +leptin)
  3. Produce antibodies to leptin; develop an assay (RIA, ELISA) to measure leptin concentrations in other species
  4. Immunocytochemical localization techniques: leptin is present in white and brown adipose tissue
  5. Determine where leptin acts in the brain
  6. Take tissue with leptin, search for leptin receptor. Clone receptor, use in situ hybridization to localize mRNA for leptin receptor (hypothalamus)
  7. Use gene replacement therapy to swap out ob gene for w/t gene. In mice, obesity and sterility were reversed
  8. Run genetic screen in humans
  9. Clinical translation studies: leptin replacement studies in humans are equivocal
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3
Q

How do you determine where leptin acts in the brain?

A

Label leptin with a radioactive tag and inject it into mice

Autoradiography showed binding sites of leptin (choroid plexus)

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4
Q

What is intracrine mediation?

A

Intracrine substances regulate intracellular events

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5
Q

What is autocrine mediation?

A

Autocrine substances feed back to influence the same cells that secreted them

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6
Q

What is paracrine mediation?

A

Paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells

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7
Q

What is endocrine mediation?

A

Endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream where they may travel to distant target cells

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8
Q

What is ectocrine mediation?

A

Ectocrine substances, such as pheromones are released into the environment by individuals to communicate with them

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9
Q

What are the 5 systems of chemical mediation and communication?

A 
Intracrine mediation
Autocrine mediation
Paracrine mediation
Endocrine mediation
Ectocrine mediation
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10
Q

Chemical messenger

A

Any substance that is produced by a cell that affects the function of another cell

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11
Q

Cytokine

A

A chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system

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12
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that is released into the bloodstream or tissue fluid system that affects the function of target cells some distance from the source

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13
Q

Neurohormone

A

A hormone produced by neurons

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14
Q

Neuromodulator

A

A hormone that changes (modulates) the response of a neuron o some other factors

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15
Q

Neuropeptide

A

A peptide hormone produced by a neuron

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16
Q

Neurosteroid

A

A steroid hormone produced by a neuron

17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

18
Q

What is between the hypothalamus and pituitary? (2)

A

Median eminence and infundibulum stalk

19
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located and where does it communicate?

A

The base of the brain and communicates with the pituitary via blood and neurons (axons)

20
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary do?

A

Serve to regulate many peripheral endocrine glands

21
Q

PVN

A

Paraventricular nucleus

22
Q

Where do hypothalamic axons project?

A

To the portal system which carries releasing factors to the anterior pituitary

23
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do in response to the releasing factors?

A

Release their own tropic hormones into general circulation

24
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Releasing factors

25
Q

What does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

Tropic hormones

26
Q

What do peripheral glands release?

A

Hormones that have metabolic effects

27
Q

What do peripheral hormones tend to provide?

A

Negative feedback to both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

28
Q

What are the peripheral glands affected by the anterior pituitary?

A

Adrenals
Gonads
Thyroids

29
Q

What are the tissues affected by peripheral hormones?

A

Muscles
Skin
Bones
Etc

30
Q

What do hypothalamic axons do in terms of the posterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic neurons project axons to the posterior pituitary and those axon terminals release hormones into blood

31
Q

What two things does the posterior pituitary receive from the hypothalamus?

A

Vasopressin (AVP and ADH) and oxytocin

32
Q

What are the 5 hormones the hypothalamus releases to the anterior pituitary?

A 
GnRH
CRH
TRH
PRH
GHRH
33
Q

What does the HPG axis regulate? What are the hormones?

A

Regulates sexual development and behavior
GnRH
LH & FSH
Sex hormones

34
Q

What does the HPA axis regulate? What are the hormones?

A

Regulates the stress response
CRH
ACTH
Glucocorticoids

35
Q

What does the HP axis for thyroid regulate? What hormones?

A

Helps regulate energy metabolism
TH
TSH
T3 & T4

36
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Regulates:
Water and sodium balance
Blood pressure, etc
Also activated in a stress response

37
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Hormone related to social behavior

Bonding, trust, relationships

Behavioral Endocrinology (5 decks)

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