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Behavioral Endocrinology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones do not cause behavior, what do they do?

A

Increase the probability of a behavior occurring

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2
Q

What percent of the brain is made up of glia?

A

90% of the brain is glia

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3
Q

How many neurons in the brain? How many connections do they make?

A

86 billion neurons each with 10,000 connections

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4
Q

How can you strengthen a synapse?

A

Increasing dendritic spines or receptor density

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5
Q

What three pathways are dopamine associated with?

A

Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Nigrostriatal

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6
Q

What do drugs of abuse typically piggy back onto?

A

Dopamine

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7
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Active in maintaining normal motor behavior

Loss of DA is related to muscle rigidity

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8
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Dopamine release causes feeling of reward and pleasure

Neurotransmitter system most affected by addictive drugs

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9
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to influence the nervous system and regulate physiology and behavior of an organism

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10
Q

Where do hormones come from?

A

Hormones are produced by glands and secreted into the blood

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11
Q

Where do hormones go?

A

They travel in the blood to target tissues containing specific receptors for the hormone

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12
Q

What do hormones do?

A

By interacting with their receptors, hormones initiate biochemical events that can activate gene expression (via intracellular receptors) or induce fast, non-genomic effects (via membrane receptors)

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of hormone secretions

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14
Q

Pineal gland

A

Reproductive maturation

Body rhythms

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15
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads

Growth

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Water balance

Salt balance

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17
Q

Thyroid

A

Growth and development

Metabolic rate

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18
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Salt and carbohydrate metabolism

Inflammatory reactions

19
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Emotional arousal

20
Q

Pancreas

A

Sugar metabolism

21
Q

Gut

A

Digestion and appetite control

22
Q

Gonads (ovaries/testes)

A

Body development

Maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

23
Q

Neuronal communication

A

Electrochemical communication
Fast
Highly specific
Neurotransmitters are released over a short range (synapse)

24
Q

Hormonal communication

A

Long range
Slow
Very widespread
Coordinates response across whole organism

25
Q

Two advantages of global communication

A
  1. Developmental: coordinated transformation of all cells in an organism
  2. Coordination of a body’s response to an environmental trigger
26
Q

How is hormone production regulated?

A

Negative feedback system

27
Q

A hormone secreted from an endocrine gland travels where?

A

Travels through the blood stream to target tissue (including the brain)

28
Q

Solubility of steroid hormones

A

Lipophilic (fat loving) and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer (BBB)

29
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

De novo in the brain

30
Q

What do areas with dense receptors suggest?

A

Higher sensitivity to that hormone

31
Q

What gives you a unique receptor?

A

For every hormone, there are unique receptors in the brain

32
Q

Hormone and receptor levels

A

There is the level of hormone and level of receptor

Hormone level can affect receptor level (up and down regulation)

33
Q

Once a hormone binds to a receptor in a brain cell, what 3 things can it do?

A
  1. Might change membrane potential, making it easier or harder to start an action potential
  2. Could impact gene transcription, mechanism for increasing/decreasing receptor expression
  3. Change protein expression (eg: stimulate NT synthesis)
34
Q

Hormones influence neurons which can influence what four behaviors?

A
  • depression
  • stress
  • aggression
  • memory
35
Q

What are the six parts of the limbic system?

A 
Amygdala 
Hippocampus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
VTA
Nucleus accumbens
36
Q

HPA

A

Stress response axis

37
Q

De novo

A

Brain has all machinery to make hormones

38
Q

Trilude brain

A

Used in 1950’s (NOT TRUE)
Part one: phylogenetic part of the brain, ancient part of the brain
-temp regulation, metabolism, blood glucose levels
-bottom region of model
Part two: limbic system
-expanded in vertebrates and mammals
-influences decision making going up to cortex

39
Q

Odine’s curse

A

Lesion to midbrain region and you lose the capacity to do automatic breathing
You die of sleep deprivation

40
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear, anxiety, aggression

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

Turns off stress response

Should be responsible for regulating stress

42
Q

What is the last part of the brain to mature?

A

Frontal cortex

43
Q

What is the best predictor of how large frontal cortex in a species is?

A

The average size of their social group
Suggests that this part of the brain evolved for gossip and social intelligence and social behavior
Bidirectional flow

Behavioral Endocrinology (5 decks)

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