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Biology 1010 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How were the first genes formed?

A
  1. Collection of monomers (small molecules)
  2. Formation of shorter RNA polymers and simple genes
  3. Assembly of a complementary RNA chain
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2
Q

What was a crucial step in the formation of the first cells?

A

Formation of a membrane to separate the inside from the outside

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3
Q

What does the term “gene in a box” refer to?

A

Genetic material surrounded by a protein coat (capsid or membranous envelope)

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4
Q

What are 4 different types of genetic material?

A

ssDNA, dsRNA, dsDNA or ssRNA

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5
Q

Bacteriophages only infect…?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

How do viruses enter a cell?

A

Viral surface proteins interact with specific molecules on host cell for entry

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7
Q

What does it mean when we say viruses are host specific?

A

They are restricted to their host kingdom meaning they can only infect cells in their specific kingdom

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8
Q

What is the Lytic cycle?

A

The cycle of how viruses infect a host cell

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9
Q

In the lytic cycle, viral DNA trigger what? When?

A

Viral duplication soon after infection

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10
Q

In the lytic cycle, what happens once one cell is infected? Why? What happens after?

A

New viruses are released to continue the infection. Then the host cell is destroyed

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11
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle? How is it different from the lytic cycle?

A

The host cell is not immediately destroyed, whereas in the lytic cycle, the host IS immediately destroyed

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12
Q

In the lysogenic cycle, how is viral DNA treated differently?

A

It is incorporated into the host chromosome

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13
Q

What is integrated viral DNA called?

A

Prophage

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14
Q

How does the lysogenic cycle work?

A
  1. Viral DNA is incorporated into host chromosome

2. Host divides and copies the phages DNA, the passes the copies onto daughter cells

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15
Q

What can change the lysogenic cycle into the lytic cycle?

A

Toxins, radiation, etc

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16
Q

How do the transmission of viruses occur in plants to animals and other plants?

A

Insect vectors, animals brushing against plants, offspring in seeds

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17
Q

How do viruses enter a plant?

A

They enter via damaged cell wall, spread to joining cells via plasmodesmata (intercellular junction)

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18
Q

What do viruses lack the cause them to not be able to make proteins?

A

Metabolic enzymes

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19
Q

Where can viruses only produce? What doe this mean?

A

Host cells, means they cannot sustain themselves on their own

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20
Q

When did viruses first appear?

A

After the first cells appreared

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21
Q

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular? Some live in…?

A

Unicellular, some live in colonies

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22
Q

What are 3 kinds of bacteria shapes? What do they look like

A
  1. Cocci- sphere( can occur in chains)
  2. Bacilli- rod shaped (can occur in pairs or chains)
  3. Spiral- Can be short or long
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23
Q

What part of DNA physical makeup is missing in bacteria?

A

Histones

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24
Q

Is peptidoglycan found in both bacteria and archaea?

A

No only bacteria

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25
Q

Archaea and what evolved from a common ancestor?

A

Eukaryotes

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26
Q

What do phototrophs use as their source of energy?

A

Sunlight

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27
Q

What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?

A

Organic molecules or chemicals

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28
Q

What do autotrophs use to get carbon?

A

CO2

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29
Q

What do heterotrophs use to get carbon?

A

Preformed organic compounds

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30
Q

What are two major resources needed to grow and survive for archaea?

A

Carbon and Energy

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31
Q

What increases surface area in archaea to make up for lack of membrane bound organelles

A

Infolding’s of plasma membrane

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32
Q

In cellular respiration, what makes up for the enzymes?

A

aerobic bacteria

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33
Q

In photosynthesis, what makes up for the enzymes?

A

cyanobacteria

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34
Q

What does cyanobacteria do?

A

Carry out oxygen, generating photosynthesis

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35
Q

What is a archaea called that lives in high salt content?

A

Extreme halophiles

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36
Q

What is an extreme thermopile?

A

A archaea that can survive in very hot water

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37
Q

What is a archaea called that can survive with very low oxygen?

A

Methanogens

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38
Q

What are the two things that contribute to prokaryote survival success?

A
  1. Modes of nutrition

2. Spore formation

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39
Q

What are 4 things that prokaryotes have in their anatomy that contribute to their success

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Capsules
  3. Pili- for sticking to things
  4. Flagella- To move around
40
Q

What does an endospore allow a prokaryote to do

A

Allows the prokaryote to survive harsh conditions or food scarcity

41
Q

How is an endospore formed?

A

2 cells- Outer produces the endospore

The cell dehydrates and becomes dormant and can rehydrate when conditions become good again

42
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Sticky layer of protein or polysaccharide on outside of prokaryote

43
Q

What 2 things does a capsule allow a prokaryote to do?

A
  1. To adhere to substrate (where the prokaryote lives)

2. Shields it from host immune system

44
Q

What 3 things does a cell wall do for a prokaryote?

A
  1. Maintains shape
  2. Protects cell
  3. Prevents dehydration
45
Q

What are two types of cell walls?

A

Gram positive and Gram negative

46
Q

In gram positive and gram negative, what does the cell wall look like?

A 
\+ = thick layer of peptidoglycan 
- = thin layer of peptidoglycan in between outer membrane and plasma membrane
47
Q

What do pili do?

A

Stick to each other and surfaces

48
Q

What do sex pili do?

A

link 2 cells in conjunction to be able to transfer DNA between cells

49
Q

What do flagella do?

A

Long appendages for movement, can move toward nutrients and move away from prey/toxins

50
Q

For myxobacteria, what do flagellum allow it to do?

A

Allows them to charge at their prey and bore into them

51
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

By binary fission- a new generation every 1-3 hours

52
Q

What two things prokaryote reproduction limited by?

A
  1. Lack of nutrients

2. Poisoning by own wastes

53
Q

What is selected for quickly when it comes to prokaryote reproduction?

A

Beneficial mutations

54
Q

Do prokaryotes need high levels of nutrients to reproduce?

A

No

55
Q

What are the 3 ways in which genetic diversity occurs in a prokaryote?

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjunction
56
Q

What is transformation regarding genetic diversity of a prokaryote

A

Obtain DNA from the bacterial cell directly

57
Q

What is transduction?

A

Obtain DNA from other bacterial cell from phages

58
Q

What is conjunction?

A

Merge with another cell, obtain DNA via mating bridge

59
Q

Can reproductive isolation apply to prokaryotes?

A

NO

60
Q

What can biologist sometimes look at to define a species?

A

The amount the DNA sequences differ

61
Q

What does reproductive isolation not apply to?

A

Prokaryotes

62
Q

What is a morphological species? What does it apply to?

A

Classified based on observable physical traits (flagella, shape, etc), prokaryotes

63
Q

What is a phylogenetic species?

A

Smallest group that shares common ancestor(one branch of the phylogenetic tree)

64
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular DNA molecules, separate from the bacterial chromosome

65
Q

What does plasmids genes allow to happen?

A

Allow conjunction to occur and for antibiotic resistance

66
Q

How does antibiotic resistance and conjugation relate?

A

Inappropriate antibiotic, resistant bacerai survive, then transformation, conjugation and transduction spread the genes for resistance

67
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A complex community of prokaryotes that associate with each other

68
Q

Where are biofilms found?

A

Rocker, water surfaces, ocean floor and medical devices

69
Q

Within a biofilm what do cells do to eachother

A

Send signals to others

70
Q

Within a biofilm how to nutrients move and waste leave?

A

Through channels that allow nutrients to get to the centre

71
Q

How do prokaryotes make nutrients available for other organisms such as plants?

A

Decompose dead and organic material

72
Q

What is a common soil bacteria that decomposes organic matter?

A

Actinomycetes

73
Q

What do Rhizobium species do for plants?

A

Fix nitrogen to a form useable by the plant (N2 to NH3)

74
Q

What is chemical warefare?

A

When bacteria and fungi compete for resources

75
Q

What do prokaryotes do to outcompete competition?

A

Make antibiotics and antifungals

76
Q

What kind of bacteria produces its own kind of antibiotic?

A

Streptomyces sp. produces streptomycin

77
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

Normal residents in or on a host organism

78
Q

What3 things do microbiome do?

A
  1. Decompose dead cells
  2. Aid in supply/ digestion of food
  3. Prevent the growth of pathogenetic organisms
79
Q

If a community makeup is disrupted what can member of a biome do?

A

Multiply and become pathogenic

80
Q

What can chemoautotrophic bacteria do to deep sea invertebrates

A

Supply organic compounds

81
Q

Where are Chlamydias found and what do they cause?

A

Inside eukaryotic host organisms, causes STD and blindness

82
Q

What shape of bacteria are spirochetes and what can they cause?

A

Helical, cause syphilis, lyme disease

83
Q

What can streptococcus form?

A

Strep throat

84
Q

Can some prokaryotes cause disease by producing a toxin?

A

Yes

85
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxic proteins secreted by cells

86
Q

What can some exotoxins cause?

A

Necrotizing Fascitis

87
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria which are released when cell dies

88
Q

How can a prokaryote or bacteria destroy a host cells?

A

By living and reproducing in them

89
Q

How does listeria work that it effects many areas of body?

A

Multiples within host immune and other cells and spreads from cell to cell

90
Q

What can occur if there is an infection in a pregnant mothers blood?

A

The disease can spread to the fetus

91
Q

How can anthrax bacteria be ‘weaponized’

A

Manufacturing of endospores

92
Q

When endospores of anthrax bacteria are produced, how can it be very easy to spread?

A
  1. Easily dispersed in the air, they can be inhaled and begin to reproduce in the lungs
93
Q

How can prokaryotes be positive in food production?

A

by injecting into sterilized milk with beneficial bacteria to produce milk and cheese

94
Q

What does lactobacillus acidophilus do to milk

A

Secrete acid that coagulate milk (make it chunky) and makes it difficult for other bacteria to grow

95
Q

What does biomediation mean?

A

Use of organisms to remove pollutants (oils spills, sewage treatment)

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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