Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 7 levels of biological organization
- Molecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
A system is composed of… in biology?
Organs that work together
In biology, organs are composed of?
Several types of tissue
In biology, tissues are composed of?
Groups of similar cells that work together
What are the 5 levels of a population organization?
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
An ecosystem consists of what two things?
Organisms and non living components an environment
What are the 7 defining characteristics of life?
- Order
- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Energy Processing
- Response to the environment
- Regulation
- Evolutionary Adaptation
What is evolutionary adaptation?
Evolution of traits that allow organisms to live and reproduce
Inherited traits are also called
Adaptations
What enhances an organisms ability to survive and reproduce?
Inherited traits
Inherited traits can occur on multiple levels of..?
Organization in a particular environment
What are 4 types of adaptations?
- Structural/Anatomical
- Behavioural
- Biochemical
- Physiological
What are structural/anatomical adaptations. Give an example
Physical characteristics to cells or whole body
ex. elephants trunk for food
What is an example of a behavioural adaptation?
Migration to a warmer place in the winter or hiding from a predator
What is a biochemical adaptation? Give an example
Presence, characteristics of certain molecules.
ex. production of venom
What is a physiological adaptation. Give an example
Functioning of organ systems
ex. diving animals being able to slow pulse and restrict blood flow to certain organs
Who was the pioneer in the study of evolution?
Darwin
What did Darwin study?
The diversity of life and ways in which species seemed suited to their environment
Heritable traits are passed from what to what?
Parent to offspring
Individuals in a population vary in…?
Their traits
What are 2 sources of genetic variation?
- Sexual Reproduction
2. Mutation
What do genes copy through from parents?
Gametes
If a parent has two different alleles, how many gametes will have the traits?
Only some, not all
What is a mutation?
A change in the sequence of the DNA
What are some ways that mutations can occur?
From toxins, error in DNA transcription
Most body cell mutations are or are not passed on?
Are not
Cells that produce gametes mutations are or are not passed on?
Are to their offsprings
Mutations can have what 3 kinds of impacts
Fatal, Positive or negative
If a population produces more offspring that can survive, what happens to the population?
The population stays relatively constant in numbers
Individuals with traits best suited for the local environment will..?
Survive and reproduce
Individuals with traits suited for the environment have a high what?
Fitness
Fitness is?
The number of fertile offspring that produce successfully
Adaptations evolve via
Natural selection
What is inclusive fitness
When traits benefit more distant relatives
How are soapberry bugs an example of evolution?
Their beak lengths evolve in response to change in a populations food source
Theories generate…
testable hypotheses
What is an example of a field and lab experiment that demonstrated evolution?
Wild guppies in trinidad
What occurred in the wild guppies experiment?
The guppies who were in a pool with pike, we more drab in colour because pike prey on brighter coloured ones. Being put in a different pool, their camouflage changed
What give signs of common ancestry physically?
Anatomical similarities
What is homology? What stage of growth reveals it the best?
Traits shared what was inherited from a common ancestor. Early stages
What is DNA
The genetic material of all cells
What are genes?
A discrete unit of DNA
How does diversity of life result?
From differences in DNA structure from individual to individual
DNA sequences of organisms indicate…?
All organisms are related
The more related something is, the greater amount of…..?
Gene similarities
What do evolutionary trees/phylogenic trees represent?
The pattern of decent based on homologies (can be DNA or anatomy)
What is the most recent common ancestor or hawks and amphibians?
2
What is a fossil record?
Remains, imprints of long dead organisms
What is carbon dating?
Looking at sedimentary layers to tell how old something is
How old is the oldest fossil?
3.5 billion years old
What does the fossil record document?
Differences between past and present organisms
What are 3 reasons for extinction?
- Habitat destruction
- Climate change
- Evolution of new competitors or predators
What is the cretaceous mass extinction thought to be caused by?
An asteroid
What is biogeography?
Geographic distribution of species
What does biogeography often reflect?
Changes in geological history of earth
What do isolated immigrants sometimes give rise to? Why?
New species as they adapt to their new environment
