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Biology 1010 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Humans do not evolve….. what does

A

Populations

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2
Q

What can amplify or diminish only heritable traits

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

An individuals acquired traits can or cannot be passed onto its offspring?

A

Cannot

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4
Q

Will traits that maximize an individuals survival become more come? Why?

A

It can be detrimental to an individual but can be selected for if relatives carry the genes for the behaviour

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5
Q

Are humans the pinnacle of evolution? Why?

A

No, evolution hasn’t directed the production of species to some endpoint, evolution will continue

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6
Q

Did humans evolve from closely related primates?

A

Living things evolved from a common ancestor but not from eachother

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7
Q

Does the theory of evolution explain the beginning of life on earth?

A

Evolution by natural selection explains changes in life on earth but the idea of how life actually started is still in the hypothesis stages

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8
Q

How did complex structures evolve

A

By incremental change ( in increments, not all at once)

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9
Q

How come there are gaps in the fossil record?

A

Some transitional fossils are not preserved

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10
Q

Why does natural selection involve tradeoffs

A

An adaptation for one life process may conflict with another

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11
Q

How is malaria and sickle celled anemia an example for a ‘tradeoff’

A

Heterozygous individuals have an advantage because they are resistant to the malaria parasite because they have two different copies ( so only little symptoms show)

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12
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

When natural selection favours intermediate phenotypes

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13
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Natural selection favours one extreme of the distribution

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14
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

When natural selection favours both extreme ends of the distribution

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15
Q

What are the 3 kinds of natural selection

A
  1. Stabilizing
  2. Directional
  3. Disruptive
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16
Q

What does natural selection do to a population?

A

Diversifies it

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17
Q

Which two types of natural selection could lead to the development of new species?

A

Directional and disruptive

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18
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

When there is differences between the male and female in the same species

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19
Q

What are the positives and negatives of sexual dimorphism?

A

Can have a high fitness in the sense of reproduction (because it’ll attract a mate)
Low fitness eg. uses energy

20
Q

What is sexual selection

A

Makes with sexually selected traits

21
Q

What are 4 positives of sexual selection?

A
  1. Chosen more often than females
  2. Produce offspring
  3. Traits are passed onto the next generation
  4. Higher frequency of the gene in these traits
22
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Sudden changes in genetic makeup in a population

23
Q

What are some examples of things that can cause genetic drift?

A

Earthquakes, flood and fires

24
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a large number of individuals are killed and only a small population is left. By chance the new population may not resemble the old one

25
Q

The bottle neck effect causes…?

A

Genetic drift

26
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Displaced population can have a different genetic makeup

27
Q

What are two types of geological events that can cause evolutionary change

A
  1. Continental drift

2. Mass extinction

28
Q

How many mass extinctions have there been?

A

5 major extinctions

29
Q

What is gene flow?

A

When individuals move in and out of populations

30
Q

What 2 things does gene flow do to populations?

A

Reduce differences and increases variability

31
Q

What leads to adaptive evolution?

A

Natural selection

32
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

An offspring of parents of two different species

33
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

A group of populations whose members can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

34
Q

What is speciation?

A

Evolutionary process in which one species splits into two species

35
Q

Selection on one population leaded to accumulated differences that prevent what?

A

Successful interbreeding

36
Q

Barriers to successful interbreeding can lead to…?

A

Speciation

37
Q

What are two main types of reproductive barriers?

A

Pre zygotic and Post zygotic

38
Q

What are 5 types of pre zygotic barriers and what do each mean

A
  1. Habitat isolation- rarely meet
  2. Temporal isolation- different breeding times
  3. Behavioural isolation- don’t recognize each other
  4. Mechanical isolation
  5. Gametic isolation- gametes are incompatible
39
Q

What are 3 post zygotic barriers? Explain each

A
  1. Reduced hybrid viability- don’t survive/ fully develop
  2. Reduced hybrid fertility- don’t produce functional gametes
  3. Hybrid breakdown- weak or infertile
40
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Geography prevents interbreeding

Ex. land masses, bodies of water

41
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor

42
Q

When does adaptive radiation especially occur?

A

When a few organisms colonize new unexploited habitat

43
Q

When speciation is gradual but not recorded in fossil record, why is this?

A

Sedimentation is slower than diversification

44
Q

What are the 7 major events in the history of life?

A
  1. Origin of earth
  2. Prokaryotes
  3. Atmospheric oxygen
  4. Single celled eukaryotes
  5. Multicellular eukaryotes
  6. Animals
  7. Colonization of land
45
Q

What was the earlier evidence of life?

A

Stromatolites: Similar to present day photosynthetic prokaryotes

46
Q

Who first tries to find evidence for abiotic synthesis of organic molecules?

A

Miller

47
Q

What are photocells?

A

Created by adding lipids to water

Biology 1010 (4 decks)

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