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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does “MCV” stand for?

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume

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2
Q

What is the volume per average erythrocyte?

A

MCV

Mean Corpusular Volume

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3
Q

What terminology do you use to refer to the following:

  1. MCV within reference interval
  2. Increased MCV
  3. Decreased MCV
A
  1. Normocytic
  2. Macrocytic
  3. Microcytic
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4
Q

The following is the equation for which value?

(HCT (%) x 10) / [RBC]

A

MCV

Mean Corpuscular Volume

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5
Q

Order the following species by increasing average erythrocyte size:

Dog

Horse

Cow

Cat

A
  1. Cow ~ 5.5 microns
  2. Horse ~ 5.7 microns
  3. Cat ~ 6 microns
  4. Dog ~ 7 microns
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6
Q

What are 3 causes of microcytosis? (There are 6 total)

A
  1. Age
  2. Breed
  3. Liver disease
  4. Anemia of inflammatory disease
  5. Iron deficiency
  6. Artifact
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7
Q

Which breeds (4) may naturally have a low MCV (microcytosis)?

A

Shib

Shar Pei

Akita

Siberian Husky

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8
Q

What are the 4 common causes of a high MCV (macrocytosis)?

(There are 4 common causes and 3 less common causes)

A
  1. Common causes:
    • Reticulocytosis
    • Breed (Greyhounds)
    • Agglutination
    • Species (Llamas & horses)
  2. Less common causes:
    • Hereditary macrocytosis (Poodles)
    • FeLV infection
    • Vitamin B12 deficiency
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9
Q

What does MCH stand for?

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin

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10
Q

What is the equation for calculating the MCH (Mean cell hemoglobin) value?

A

[Hemoglobin] x 10 / [RBC]

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11
Q

The MCH is the amount of _____ per average erythrocyte.

A

Hemoglobin

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12
Q

MCH or MCHC

  1. Which of these is more useful clinically?
  2. Why?
A
  1. MCHC
  2. MCHC takes into consideration the size of the RBCs, whereas MCH does not. MCHC is also more accurate.
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13
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

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14
Q

The MCHC is the average _____ _____ per average erythrocyte.

A

The MCHC is the average hemoglobin concentration per average erythrocyte.

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15
Q

What terminology might you use to describe the following:

  1. Increased MCHC?
  2. Decreased MCHC?
A
  1. Hyperchromia
  2. Hypochromia
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16
Q

What are 3 causes of increased MCHC (hyperchromia)?

A
  1. Hemolysis
  2. Lipemia
  3. RBC shape changes (heinz bodies, spherocytes)
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17
Q

What are 2 causes of a decreased MCHC (hypochromia)?

A
  1. Reticulocytosis
  2. Iron deficiency
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18
Q

MCH and MCHC most often change in the same direction, with one notable exception.

  1. What is that exception?
  2. What are the MCH and MCHC values?
A
  1. Reticulocytosis
  2. MCH generally normal; MCHC often low
19
Q

What does “RDW” stand for?

A

Red cell distribution width

20
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in cell size

21
Q

What 3 conditions might be associated with an increased RDW (red cell distribution width)?

A
  1. Regenerative anemia (reticulocytosis)
  2. Microcytosis
  3. Macrocytosis
22
Q

What is another term for reticulocyte?

A

Polychromatophil

23
Q

What about reticulocytes makes them stain bluer than a mature RBC?

A

Cytoplasmic RNA stains blue (basophilic)

Hemoglobin stains red (eosinophilic)

24
Q

What is the most important indicator of accelerated erythropoiesis?

A

Reticulocytosis

25
Q

What 2 types of reticulocytes are found in the circulation of a cat?

A

Aggregate

Punctate

26
Q

In cats:

  1. Which type of reticulocyte corresponds to polychromatophils on a smear?
  2. Which type of reticulocyte is NOT considered a sign of regeneration?
  3. How long is the cell type from #2 in circulation?
A
  1. Aggregate
  2. Punctate
  3. Several weeks
27
Q
  1. Which blood value may suggest a regenerative anemia in a horse?
  2. Will this value be increased or decreased with regeneration?
A
  1. MCV
  2. Increased
28
Q

An increased in nucleated RBCs is referred to as what?

A

Rubricytosis

29
Q

True or False:

Nucleated RBC count must be determined manually with a microscope.

A

TRUE

Hematology analyzer CANNOT differentiate between nRBCs and WBCs.

30
Q

What are the 3 general causes of anemia?

A
  1. Increased RBC loss
  2. Decrease RBC production
  3. Increased RBC destruction
31
Q

Describe a normal, healthy response to anemia, ending in production of erythropoietin.

A

Anemia –> decreased O2 carrying capacity –> renal hypoxia –> erythropoietin released from the kidney

32
Q

What 3 things does erythropoietin stimulate?

A
  1. Erythrocyte progenitors
  2. Hemoglobin production
  3. Early marrow release
33
Q

How does one assess regenerative anemia in a dog or cat?

A

Reticulocyte numbers in circulation:
Non-regenerative = absent reticulocytes

Regenerative = increased reticulocytes

34
Q

What blood characteristics would be present in a ruminant with a regenerative anemia? (there are 3)

A
  1. Increased reticulocytes in circulation
  2. Basophilic stippling in RBC
  3. Increased nRBCs (rubricytosis)
35
Q

What 3 blood characteristics might suggest a regenerative anemia in a horse?

A
  1. Increased MCV
  2. Erythroid hyperplais (bone marrow)
  3. Increased PCV over time
36
Q

True or False:

An increased nRBC is an indication of regeneration in dogs and cats.

A

FALSE

An increase in nRBCs is only an indication of regeneration in ruminants.

37
Q

What is an appropriate rubricytosis?

A

An increase in nRBCs WITH a reticulocytosis.

38
Q

What is an inappropriate rubricytosis?

A

An increase in nRBCs WITHOUT a reticulocytosis.

39
Q

What are the 3 causes of an inappropriate rubricytosis?

A
  1. Damage to bone marrow
  2. Decreased splenic function
  3. Extramedullary hematopoiesis
40
Q

What are 3 causes of acute hemorrhage? (there are 5 total)

A
  1. Trauma/surgery
  2. Coagulation disorder
  3. Thrombocytopenia
  4. Platelet function disorder
  5. Neoplasia
41
Q

What are 3 causes of chronic hemorrhage? (there are 4 total)

A
  1. Parasites
  2. GI ulcers
  3. Hematuria
  4. Hemophila
42
Q
  1. What cell type is this?
  2. With what type of anemia would you see this?
A
  1. Keratocyte
  2. Iron deficiency
43
Q

What finding would be on a peripheral blood smear of a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. Fragments (schistocytes)
  2. Hypochromasia
  3. Keratocytes
  4. +/- thrombocytosis
44
Q
A

Clinical Pathology (8 decks)

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