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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 17 - Electrolytes > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Which electrolytes are rich in the ECF?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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2
Q

Which electrolytes are rick in the ICF?

A

K+

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3
Q

What is isotonic dehydration?

A

Equal loss of water and salt

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4
Q

What is hypotonic dehydration?

A

Loss of salt > loss of water

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5
Q

What is hypertonic dehydration?

A

Loss of water > loss of salt

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6
Q

What are the causes of hypernatremia? (There are 8 here)

A
  1. Inadequate water intake
  2. Panting, hyperventilation, fever
  3. Diabetes insipidus
  4. Osmotic diuresis
  5. Phosphate enemas
  6. Ruminal acidosis
  7. Salt poisoning
  8. Hypertonic saline
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7
Q

What are the causes of normonatremia?

A
  1. Alimentary loss
  2. Osmotic diuresis
  3. Diuretic treamtment
  4. Polyuric renal failure
  5. Retention of fluid in third spaces (CHF, hypoalbuminemia, hepatic cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome)
  6. Sweating in horses
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8
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

A
  1. Alimentary loss
  2. Hypoadrenocorticism
  3. Prolonged diuresis
  4. Ketonuria
  5. Cutaneous loss
  6. Third-space loss
  7. Edematous disorders (CHF, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)
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9
Q

What are the two main functions associated with potassium?

A
  1. Neuromuscular function

2. Cardiac function

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10
Q

Potassium is high in which two types of cells?

A
  1. RBCs

2. Platelets

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11
Q

The RBCs of which 3 species are high in potassium?

A
  1. Pigs
  2. Horses
  3. Primates
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12
Q

The RBCs of which 2 dogs breeds are high in potassium?

A
  1. Akitas

2. Shiba inus

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13
Q

Which two pathologic conditions would case potassium levels to be increased?

A
  1. Reticulocytosis

2. Thrombocytosis

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14
Q

What conditions would cause an increase in potassium levels in the blood?

A
  1. Ruptured bladder
  2. Anuria
  3. Urinary obstruction
  4. Hypoadrenocorticism
  5. Hemolysis
  6. Tissue necrosis
  7. Strenuous exercise
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15
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Anorexia
  3. Vomiting, sequestration, LA, diarrhea
  4. Cutaneous loss (horse)
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16
Q

With hypoadrenocorticism, which of the following increases and which decreases: sodium, potassium?

A

Sodium = decrease

Potassium = increase

17
Q

When would you check the sodium:potassium ratio?

A

With hyponatremia or hyperkalemia.

18
Q

What are the causes of a low sodium:potassium ratio?

A
  1. Hypoadrenocorticism
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Renal failure
  4. Urinary obstruction
  5. Third-space loss
  6. Diabetic ketoacidosis

Clinical Pathology (8 decks)

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