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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In adults, where does hematopoiesis predominately occur?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the 3 lineages of hematopoiesis?

A

Myeloid lineage

Erythroid lineage

Lymphoid lineage

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3
Q
  1. Which lineage is represented by the RED box?
  2. Which lineage is represented by the BLUE box?
A
  1. Lymphoid lineage
  2. Myeloid lineage
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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place in older animals?

A

Still in the bone marrow, but more towards the ends of the long bones

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5
Q

Bone marrow histology changes with age. Which of the following cellularities is related to a younger animal and which is related to an older animal?

  1. Hypocellular?
  2. Hypercellular?
A
  1. Hypocellular = older animal
  2. Hypercellular = younger animal
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6
Q
  1. More specifically, where within the bone trabeculae does hematopoiesis occur in mammals?
  2. In avians?
A
  1. Hematopoietic spaces
  2. Venous sinuses
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7
Q

Explain the pathway of blood cells from the hematopoietic space of the bone into circulation.

A

Hematopoietic space –> venous sinus –> central vein –> circulation

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8
Q

Which type of cells are integral to healthy bone marrow and responsible for keeping immature blood cells from entering circulation?

A

Reticular (adventitial) cells

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9
Q

What type of division do stem cells undergo?

A

Asymetric division

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10
Q

A multipotential stem cell can divide into which two types of cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cell

OR

Myeloid stem cell

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11
Q

Before becoming a erythrocyte, a myeloid stem cell differentiates into which 2 cell types?

A

BFU-E (blast-forming unit erythroid)

&

CFU-E (colony-forming unit erythroid)

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12
Q

About what percentage of old RBCs are destroyed each day in a healthy animal?

A

1 %

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13
Q
  1. In which organ is erythropoietin produced in the ADULT?
  2. Which cells of that organ are involved in the production?
  3. In which organ is erythropoietin produced in the FETUS?
A
  1. Adult = kidney
  2. Peritubular interstitial cells
  3. Fetus = liver
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14
Q

What stimulates the kidneys to produce erythropoietin in an adult animal?

A

Hypoxia

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15
Q

On which cells does erythropoietin have the greatest effect?

A

BFU-E

&

CFU-E

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16
Q

What are 3 factors that promote erythropoiesis? (there are 7 total)

A
  1. Erythropoietin
  2. SCF (stem cell factor)
  3. IL-3, IL-9, IL-11
  4. G-CSF, GM-CSF
  5. Thyroxine
  6. Growth hormone
  7. Androgens
17
Q

What are the 4 factors that inhibit erythropoiesis?

A

TNF-alpha

IL-6

TGF-beta

Estrogen

18
Q

What is the first cell in erythropoiesis to be identified as a RBC precursor?

A

Rubroblast

19
Q

1 rubrioblast produces how many RBCs?

A

16

20
Q

As hemoglobin synthesis increases, DNA synthesis ____.

A

As hemoglobin synthesis increases, DNA synthesis decreases.

21
Q

List, in order, the cell types involved in the differentiation process of a rubriblast to a mature erythrocyte.

A

Rubriblast

Prorubricyte

Rubricyte (early, middle, late)

Metarubricyte

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

22
Q

At which cell type within hematopoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

A

Early rubricyte

23
Q

At which cell type within hematopoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis stop?

A

Late rubricyte

24
Q

At which cell stage in hematopoiesis is the nucleus extruded from the cell?

A

Metarubricyte

25
Q

At which cell stage in hematopoiesis is the cell released from the bone marrow?

A

Reticulocyte

26
Q

From the metarubricyte, which cell type takes up the extruded nucleus?

A

Macrophage

27
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the erythrocyte?

A
  1. Transport O2
  2. Transport CO2
28
Q

Name 2 changes that occur to erythrocytes as they age.

A
  1. Enzyme content changes
  2. Cell membrane structure/surface markers change
29
Q

What is extravasular hemolysis?

A

When macrophages remove RBCs from circulation within the spleen, liver, or bone marrow

30
Q

True or False:

  1. Cats have a closed splenic circulation.
  2. Cats are more efficient at RBC removal.
  3. Cats have a rather large RBC reserve pool.
A
  1. TRUE
  2. FALSE - cats are LESS efficient at RBC removal
  3. FALSE - cats LACK large RBC reserve pools
31
Q
A

Clinical Pathology (8 decks)

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