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Cardiovascular System Module > Lecture 3-4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of depressor reflexes?

A

Baroreceptors and cardiac receptors

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2
Q

What are the two types of excitatory reflexes?

A

Chemoreceptors and muscle work receptors

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3
Q

What is the controlled variable? In reflex control

A

Blood pressure

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4
Q

What are the two structures found within the medulla oblongata?

A

Nucleus ambiguous and nucleus tractus solitartius

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5
Q

What is the nucleus ambiguous?

A

Origin of the vagus nerve

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6
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguous do?

A

It has an inhibitory effect on the heart, acting on the relapse of ACH and acting on the muscarinic effectors

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7
Q

What is the nucleus tractus solitartius important for?

A

Connections to the nucleus ambiguous

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8
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Give information about pressure

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9
Q

What do the connections in the baroreceptors do?

A

Have connections that go up into the brain stem to go into the nucleus tractus and simulates and fire impulses into the nucleus tractus

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10
Q

What is the cycle of the reflex loop?

A

Baroreceptors, nucleus tractus, nuelcus ambiguous, vagus nerves, release of ACh to muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

What is the vagus nerve part of?

A

Cranial nerves

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12
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A

A nerve that originates from the brain stem region and comes out of the cranium and comes down into the rest of the body 10th cranial nerve

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13
Q

What number is the vagus nerve in regards to cranial nerves?

A

10th

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14
Q

What are CVLM and RVLM useful for?

A

Areas of the brain stem that are responsible for sympathetic outflow

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15
Q

Describe RVLM

A

Output of the sympathetic nervous system, goes to the ganglia alongside the spinal chord

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16
Q

What is the end goal for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility

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17
Q

Describe the CVLM

A

Connected between the RVLM and is an inhibitory mechanism which reduces the release of adrenaline - wont get an increase heart rate or contractility.
REDUCES heart rate

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18
Q

Where are the majority of the baroreceptors located?

A

In the aortic arch

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19
Q

Where else are baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid artery

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20
Q

What happens to the carotid artery as it get’s higher?

A

Splits into two - has an external and internal carotid artery

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21
Q

What is found at the start of the internal artery?

A

Some swelling and its known as the carotid sinus

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22
Q

What happens at the carotid sinus?

A

There is high contraction of baroreceptors

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23
Q

How are baroreceptors connected?

A

Connected through to the brain by nerve connections

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24
Q

What are afferent fibres?

A

Take information into the brain

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25
Q

What are efferent nerve fibres?

A

Nerves leaving the brain and They take information to the organs

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26
Q

How are the carotid sinus baroreceptors connected through the cranial nerve?

A

By the 9th cranial nerve called glossypharyngeal nerve

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27
Q

What type of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

They are stretch receptors, and are mechanoreceptors embedded in the wall of the artery

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28
Q

Describe stretch receptors?

A

As blood pimps through the carotid sinus it stretches and that stretches the baroreceptors, stretching of wall increases firing rate

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29
Q

What happens if you stopped the carotid sinus from stretching?

A

You wont get firing as the baroreceptors no longer respond to changes in pressure

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30
Q

What happens if pressure increases?

A

You get more firing

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31
Q

What is the maximum sensitivity?

A

Change in number of impulses/ change of pressure

32
Q

In regards to Pulsatile pressure, when a curve shifts to the left what does it mean?

A

It is more sensitive

33
Q

What are baroreceptors more sensitive too?

A

Pulsatile changes because that is how blood flows

34
Q

What do some baroreceptors have that some don’t?

A

Myelinated fibres

35
Q

What happens if you get the sinus nerve?

A

There will be no connection between the baroreceptors and the brain stem - decreases blood pressure

36
Q

What do increases carotid sinuses pressure lead to?

A

Decrease in blood pressure

37
Q

What does decreases carotid sinus pressure lead to?

A

Increases blood pressure

38
Q

Do you need both sets of baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses?

A

No the carotid sinus baroreceptors are probably the most important in maintaining blood pressure

39
Q

What are some mechanisms that the baroreceptors use to adjust blood pressure?

A

Central resting, peripheral resetting and resetting in hypertension

40
Q

Does the baroreceptors reflex happen all the time?

A

No, if it was working all the time you wouldn’t be able to do activity therefore central resetting is used to rest the baroreceptors

41
Q

What is an example of resetting in baroreceptors?

A

When you exercise, the central resetting system known you are exercising and so it changes the way baroreceptors are responding and the sensitivity of the baroreceptors are adjusted

42
Q

What happens if there is a change in blood pressure in the peripheral reset system?

A

If BP decreases the baroreceptors become more sensitive and causes vasodilation, if there is an increase in BP the baroreceptors become less sensitive and vasoconstriction occurs

43
Q

Hypertensive =

A

More sensitive

44
Q

Hypotension =

A

Less sensitive

45
Q

Describe hypertension baroreceptors reset

A

Baroreceptors become less sensitive, and function at a less sensitive rate then with low pressure

46
Q

What are baroreceptors main job?

A

To smooth out blood pressure and allows us to sit down and stand up at keep blood pressure at a maintained range

47
Q

What happens to BP when you take baroreceptors away?

A

You have a much broader arterial pressure

48
Q

What system do baroreceptors act as?

A

A buffering system - reduce the blood pressure in daily events when you change posture, respiration or excitement

49
Q

What do cardiopulmonary receptors do?

A

Similar job to baroreceptors, but have a structural difference, they fine tune the system

50
Q

What is the structural difference between cardiopulmonary receptors and baroreceptors?

A

Cardiopulmonary receptor have 80% afferent and have a small diameter with unmyelinated fibres

51
Q

What do cardiac mechanoreceptors do?

A

Give information about pressure changes in the chambers of the heart itself

52
Q

Where are cardiac mechanoreceptors located?

A

Around the right atrium and the vessels that bring blood to the heart (around the atrial tissue) and pulmonary veins

53
Q

What does type A respond to?

A

Atrial systole

54
Q

What does type B respond to?

A

V wave of atrial filling

55
Q

What feedback to cardiac mechanoreceptors demonstrate?

A

Information about venous pressure and cardiac filling

56
Q

What do veno-atrial stretch receptors do?

A

Detect changes in cardiac blood volume

57
Q

Describe the brain bridge reflex

A

Controls heart rate in response to blood volume

58
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Give information into the cardiovascular system about different factors that affect the system

59
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

In the aortic and carotid bodies

60
Q

What is the aortic body innervated by?

A

By the aortic nerve (a branch of the vagus)

61
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors primarily regulate?

A

Respiration rate (PCO2)

62
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors support?

A

Blood pressure when baroreceptors reflex out of range, less than 70mmHg

63
Q

What are the reflex effects that peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles and venoconstriction, tachycardia

64
Q

What do mechanoreceptors (myelinated) do?

A

Target the reflex effect of tachycardia and are stimulated by local pressure and muscle contraction

65
Q

What are chemoreceptors (metaboreceptors, unmyelinated) activated by?

A

By chemicals release during exercise e.g. K+, H2PO4-. H+ and ATP

66
Q

What are the reflex effects of chemoreceptors?

A

Increased sympathetic flow, tachycardia and increase YPT

67
Q

What are mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors both blocked by?

A

Local anaesthetic to muscle nerves

68
Q

Describe syncope

A

A sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone, with spontaneous recovery - sitting down to stranding up

69
Q

What is the mechanism for syncope?

A

Transient global hypoperfusion

70
Q

What generation is syncope common In?

A

All ages groups but particular elderly

71
Q

What is nuerocardiogenic syncope?

A

An autonomically mediated reflex mechanisms associated with inappropriate vasodilation or bradycardia causing syncope

72
Q

What is the most common type of neurocardiogenic syncope?

A

Vasovagal syncope

73
Q

What does vasovagal syncope mechanisms involve?

A

Pathophysiological autonomic reflex, with triggering factors, modulating factors and afferent pathways

74
Q

What are some warning signs of the vasovagal response?

A

Nausea, warmth and lightheadedness

75
Q

What is the vasovagal response?

A

An inappropriate vessel dilation and bradycardia response leading to reduced cerebral perfusion and syncope

Cardiovascular System Module (18 decks)

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