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Cardiovascular System Module > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between the heart and the brain known as?

A

Neuro-cardiac axis

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2
Q

What are the typical Stroke volume values at rest?

A

60-65

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of neural control?

A

Higher brain centre control, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system control

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4
Q

What is the cardiovascular control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What is found in the sympathetic centre?

A

Distinct accelerator and augmentor

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6
Q

What is found in the parasympathetic centre?

A

Nucleus vagus and nucleus ambigous

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7
Q

What does the augmentor do?

A

Changes the contractility of the heart

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8
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguous do?

A

Collection of cells in the brain stem

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

NA - noradrenaline

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system increase?

A

Heart rate and contractility

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Short pre ganglion fibres and long autonomic ganglions

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12
Q

Where is the autonomic ganglion located in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

C6-C7, at the bottom for your neck

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13
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

A collection of sympathetic nerves - it has a star apperance

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14
Q

What is released at the heart and the ganglion in sympathetic nervous system?

A

ACH at the ganglion and NA at the heart

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15
Q

What do Sympathetic nerves act on in the heart?

A

Beta 1 receptors

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16
Q

What is lusitopy?

A

The rate of relaxation, want the heart to fill, if the heart can relax properly then it cannot fill up with blood

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17
Q

Where do fibres coming from the right side of the heart go to?

A

The nodal

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18
Q

Where do fibres coming out of the left side of the heart go to?

A

Ventricular tissue

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19
Q

What is dromotropy?

A

The electrical conduction through the heart through the atrial ventricular node

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20
Q

What does a positive dromotropic effect do?

A

Speeds up the conduction of the electrical activity through the heart

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21
Q

Where are autonomic ganglion found in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

On the heart

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Long pre ganglionic and short autonomic ganglionic

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23
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in parasympathetic?

A

Just ACH

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24
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

SA node and AV node

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25
Q

What decreases in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Heart rate and it has little effect on the contractility

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26
Q

What receptors does the parasympathetic nervous system act on?

A

Muscarinic

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27
Q

What is found on the outside of the heart?

A

Epicardial fat

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28
Q

What branches off the epicardial fat surrounding the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

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29
Q

Where are the ganglia found?

A

Surrounding the SA node and the AV node

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30
Q

What happens when you add a beta blocker to the sympathetic nervous system?

A

A decrease in heart beat as you take away the accelerated function

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31
Q

What is an Example for a beta blocker?

A

Propranolol

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32
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Bocks the muscarinic receptors and increase in the heart rate

33
Q

What is the predominant nervous system during fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

What happens if you inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

It will lead to a rise in heart rate

35
Q

What happens if you inhibit sympathetic nervous system?

A

Will decrease heart rate

36
Q

Where is the Majority of the areas of the brain that play important roles in nervous regulation?

A

The vasomotor centre - lower third of the pons

37
Q

What does the vasomotor centre transmit?

A

Sympathies impulses through the spinal chord and peripheral sympathetic nerves to all arteries, arterioles and veins of the body

38
Q

Where do the sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibres leave the spinal cord through?

A

The thoracic spinal nerves and 1st one or two lumbar spinal nerves

39
Q

What vessels are not innervated?

A

Capillaries, precapillary sphincters and metarterioles

40
Q

What does innervation of the small arteries and arterioles allow?

A

Sympathetic stimulation to increase resistance to blood flow and decrease rate of blood flow through the tissue

41
Q

What is synthetic innervation?

A

When there is a release of NA it will cause constriction of the vessels and cause increase resistance and decrease the flow (synthetic vascoconstriction)

42
Q

What innervation to you have in a muscular artery?

A

Noradrenergic innervation

43
Q

Where is NA released in a muscular artery?

A

Lumps/nodules

44
Q

What happens when anaesthesia is added to the spinal cord?

A

Neural transmission stops and pressure drops

45
Q

What happens when NA is added back into the neural flow?

A

Blood pressure increases - representing there is a neuronal control of blood flow

46
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in signal transduction at sympathetic varicosity?

A

NA, ATP and neuropeptide-Y

47
Q

What does neuropeptide-Y act on?

A

Acts on NPY-1 receptors

48
Q

What determines flow in a vessel?

A

Pressure and resistance

49
Q

What does resistance to flow depend on?

A

The radius of the vessel to the power of 4

50
Q

What do small changes in the radius of the vessel alter?

A

The flow which alters the pressure

51
Q

What is the main target for sympathies NS effect on vasaculture?

A

Small arteries and large arterioles (decreases blood flow by vasoconstriction)

52
Q

Describe the venous system

A

Where the majority of the blood is in your veins at one time

53
Q

What has component has poor innervation?

A

Muscle veins

54
Q

What happens if central BP drops?

A

Venoconstriction diverts blood to systemic circulation - blood can be shifted to where it is needed

55
Q

What is sympathetic vasodilation mediated by?

A

Circulating adrenaline or a cholinergic sensitive NA release

56
Q

What specific tissues does parasympathetic vasodilation target?

A

No important in cardiovascular but in salivary glands, pancreas, GI tract and genital erectile tissue

57
Q

What are the 4 main endocrine systems that regulate blood pressure?

A

Adrenaline, Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides

58
Q

Where does adrenaline come from?

A

Comes from the adrenal medulla on top of the kidneys

59
Q

What are the transmitters for adrenaline?

A

Alpha 1, beta 1 and 2

60
Q

What does alpha 1 do?

A

Constricts blood vessels

61
Q

What does adrenaline coming from the adrenal medulla do?

A

Increases cardiac output

62
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When sensors in the brain detect changes in osmolarity

63
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

They are collections of cells located in the hypothalamus that lead to a production in ADH

64
Q

What are some examples of osmoreceptors?

A

Supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei

65
Q

Where are the osmoreceptors secreted to?

A

Down to the posterior element of the pituitary gland

66
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When blood plasma increases above the set point of 280mOsm

67
Q

In non Osmolar when is ADH triggered?

A

Below 10%

68
Q

When is Renin-angiotensin stimulated?

A

When there is a drop in blood pressure

69
Q

What does renin act on?

A

Angiotensin

70
Q

What does angiotensin cleave?

A

Angiotensin 1

71
Q

What enzyme does angiotensin 1 act on?

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

72
Q

What is formed when ACE acts on angiotensin 1?

A

An ocotpeptide called angiotensin 2

73
Q

Where is ACE released from?

A

Endothelial cells

74
Q

What is angiotensin 2?

A

A potent vasoconstrictor

75
Q

What is a common first line treatment for people will high blood pressure? (Hypertension)

A

ACE inhibitors

76
Q

What is a way of reducing vasoconstriction?

A

Preventing the conversion of angiotensin 1 to 2

77
Q

What are the 2 types of natriuretic peptides?

A

ANP (Atrial) and BNP (brain)

78
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do?

A

Get rid of sodium and water

79
Q

What do Natriuretic peptides decrease?

A

Blood volume which decreases blood pressure

Cardiovascular System Module (18 decks)

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