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Cardiovascular System Module > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the arteries located at the base of the heart (top)?

A

Right and left common carotid artery, right and left subclavian artery and brachiocephalic artery

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2
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery split into?

A

The right subclavian artery - takes blood to the arms

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3
Q

Where does the carotid artery take blood to?

A

Takes blood to the head

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4
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries?

A

Right coronary and left coronary artery

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5
Q

What do the coronary arteries supply?

A

Supply the heart with oxygenated blood

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6
Q

Where do coronary arteries come off at the heart?

A

They come off at distinct positions on the aorta

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7
Q

What is coronary artery disease also called?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease?

A

Coronary artery disease

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9
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

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10
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Causes a reduction of blood flow, get a blockage, arteries become stiffer and plaque forms in narrowing the arteries. Some point the plaque will rupture and there will be complete blockage.

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11
Q

What happens when there is complete blockage in the arteries?

A

Cardiomyocytes die as no oxygen its getting to the muscle and a scar is formed.

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12
Q

What is the right coronary artery related to?

A

Related to the brachiocephalic artery

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13
Q

What are the carotid arteries susceptible to?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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14
Q

What is a common cause of arteriosclerosis in the carotid arteries?

A

Cerebral stroke, as there is not enough blood flow to the head if there is blockage in the carotid arteries

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15
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Are mechanism-receptors located in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch

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16
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Responds to a change in blood pressure, changes the tension of the arterial wall

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17
Q

Is the baroreceptor reflex fast to slow?

A

It is a fast response to changes in blood pressure

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18
Q

What does an increase in blood pressure cause?

A

Causes the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinuses to stretch which increases the frequency of action potentials

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19
Q

What does the action potentials connect to?

A

The vasomotor and cardiac control centres in the medulla which then signals to the heart and vascular smooth muscle to decrease cardiac output and peripheral resistance

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20
Q

What is the baroreceptor pathway for low blood pressure?

A

Low blood pressure - baroreceptor firing rate decreases and increases heart rate to maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

Where are the subclavian arteries found?

A

Under the clavicles, take blood to the arms

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22
Q

What arteries come of the subclavian arteries?

A

Vertebral arteries

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23
Q

What is an anomalous right subclavian artery

A

Starts from the aortic arch more distally and transverses the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus

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24
Q

What is symptoms are from anomalous right subclavian artery?

A

Sometimes can be asymptomatic, but it can cause dysphagia lusoria (difficulty swallowing), due to the artery pressing on the oesophagus

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25
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

Deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs

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26
Q

What are some problems that can affect the pulmonary arteries?

A

Stenosis - which restricts blood to the lungs

27
Q

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A

A narrowing that occurs in the pulmonary artery. The narrowing could occur in the left or right pulmonary artery branches

28
Q

What are the causes from pulmonary artery stenosis?

A

It is a congenial cardiovascular defect (can be part of the Tetralogy of Fallot), and increases blood pressure in the right side of the heart

29
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Largest blood vessel in the body

30
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to be distributed around the body. The aortic arteries arise from the aortic arch

31
Q

What is not continuous with the aortic arch? In the condition ‘interruption of the aortic arch’

A

The descending aorta - it is interrupted

32
Q

Describe the interruption of the aortic arch

A

Very rare 3 per 1 million births, serious condition, oxygenated blood will be able to leave the heart and go to the head and right arm but not the rest of the body.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of the interruption of the aortic arch?

A

Closure of the arterial duct which results in an haemodynamic collapse and death within hours

34
Q

Why is the interruption of the aortic so dangerous after birth?

A

Because as soon as the foetal shunt turns off after birth - no oxygenated blood will reach the rest of the body

35
Q

What is the interruption of the aortic heart related to?

A

The 22q11 deletion syndrome

36
Q

What are the three types of interruptions?

A

Type A B and C, most common is B

37
Q

What is coarctation?

A

Defined as narrowing of a section of the aorta that will restrict the flow of blood from the heart

38
Q

What are the symptoms for the coarctation?

A

Heart murmur, hypertension beyond infancy and congestive heart failure

39
Q

What is the descending aorta?

A

Is the part of the aorta that runs down through the chest and the abdomen

40
Q

Where does the descending aorta start?

A

Starts after the aortic arch and ends by splitting into the common iliac arteries that go to the legs

41
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A

It is an abnormal bulge that occurs in the wall of the aorta and may be tube-shaped (fusiform) or round (saccular)

42
Q

What does an aortic aneurysm increase?

A

Increases the risk of developing an aortic dissection

43
Q

What is an aortic dissection?

A

Is a serious condition in which the inner layer of the aorta (the intima) tears.

44
Q

What happens when the intima tears?

A

Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle laters of the aorta to separate (dissect)

45
Q

What are the symptoms of the aortic dissection?

A

Depend on location and length of dissection, most cases result in death

46
Q

What are the aortic arch arteries derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arch arteries

47
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

Bulges that you find on the lateral surface of the developing embryo

48
Q

What will the top of the embryo form?

A

The jaw

49
Q

What will the bottom of the embryo cause?

A

Contributes to the formation of the thymus glands and nerves that innervates the facial part of the body

50
Q

what is derived from each arch?

A

A cartilage, a muscle, a nerve and an artery

51
Q

What are the pharyngeal arch arteries initially?

A

Symmetrical and paired

52
Q

What do the pharyngeal arteries remodel to form?

A

Asymmetrical aortic arch arteries

53
Q

What is the foetal duct?

A

Arterial ducts that takes blood away from the aorta

54
Q

What do the aortic arch arteries stretch up until?

A

Stretches until it meets the little vessel to make the subclavian artery

55
Q

What is the pharyngeal arch artery development like in humans?

A

Relatively rapid process occurring at a time of a rapid embryonic growth

56
Q

What is the transcription factor for digeorge syndrome?

A

TBX1

57
Q

What are the types of inherited arch artery malformations?

A

Interrupted aortic arch, aberrant right subclavian artery, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation

58
Q

What is the 22q11 deletion syndrome also known as?

A

Digeorge syndrome

59
Q

What is the most common micro-deletion syndrome in humans?

A

The 22q11 (DiGEORGE) syndrome

60
Q

What do patients with DiGeorge syndrome suffer with?

A

Cardiovascular, thymus and parathyroid abnormalities

61
Q

What are the symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Cleft plate, hypocalcaemia, immunodeficiency, renal abnormalities and increased risk of psychiatric disorders

62
Q

Describe 22q11DS?

A

Interstitial deletion of chromosome 22, usually 3Mb but may be 1.5Mb. The transcription factor TBX1 is often found in the middle of the chromosomes on the small arm around 35 proteins genes

63
Q

What does 30-40% of the patients who have 22q11DS have?

A

Common arterial trunk

64
Q

What can be used to enable the study of genetics behind congenital cardiovascular malformations?

A

Transgenic mouse models

Cardiovascular System Module (18 decks)

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