Lecture 3

Question 0

Programmed CD includes

Answer 0

Apoptosis and autophagy

Question 1

Cell death can be both ______ and non______.

Answer 1

Programmed

Question 2

Nonprogrammed CD is known as

Answer 2

Necrosis

Question 3

Caspase dependent cell death

Answer 3

Apoptosis

Question 4

Caspase independent cell death

Answer 4

Autophagy

Question 5

Two cellular degradation systems include

Answer 5

The selective ubiquitin-proteasome system and the bulk autophagy

Question 6

3 different modes of autophagy

Answer 6

Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone mediated autophagy.

Question 7

Steps of macroautophagy

Answer 7

Double membraned autophagosome forms around target organelle, autophagosome fuses with lysosome to form autophagolysosome, organelle is digested.

Question 8

Lysosome directly engulfs cytoplasmic contents

Answer 8

Microautophagy

Question 9

Autophagy is negatively regulated primarily by

Answer 9

mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin.

Question 10

Rapamycin acts on mTOR to

Answer 10

Inhibit it. Rapamycin inhibits the inhibitor, activating autophagy.

Question 11

Secondary regulator of autophagy

Answer 11

P53

Question 12

Which tumor cells tend to have elevated autophagy activity?

Answer 12

Cells in the center of a growing tumor (hypoxic glycolytic cells) where blood flow is diminished

Question 13

What affect does autophagy have on cancer formation?

Answer 13

Can both inhibit and promote. Acts as a tumor suppressor early on.

Question 14

How does autophagy inhibit tumorigenesis?

Answer 14

Reduces inflammation and recycles damaged organelles.

Question 15

What is PSA and what is it used for?

Answer 15

Prostate-specific antigen; used in the PSA test that measures level of PSA in the blood as a test for prostate cancer.

Question 16

Neoplasm

Answer 16

Autonomous proliferative cell growth. Independent of normal controls put on proliferation.

Question 17

Tumor

Answer 17

Abnormal mass of tissue resultant of excessive cell division. Ex: abscess.

Question 18

Cancer

Answer 18

Malignant neoplasia. Can invade nearby tissues, metastasize.

Question 19

Malignant

Answer 19

Capable of invasive growth and metastasis

Question 20

Benign

Answer 20

Grows locally and cannot currently invade or metastasize.

Question 21

Hyperplasia

Answer 21

Increased proliferation if cells in response to stimulus. Typically regresses after signal is lost.

Question 22

Atypia/Dysplasia

Answer 22

Loss of normal orientation and differentiation pattern in non-neoplastic cells. Pre-neoplastic event.

Question 23

Differentiation

Answer 23

Degree to which a tumor resembles its tissue of origin

Question 24

Anaplasia

Answer 24

Loss of typical morphology of adult differentiated cells

Question 25

Pleomorphism

Answer 25

Bizarre/variable morphology among tumor cells. Characteristic of malignant neoplasms.

Question 26

Adenoma

Answer 26

Benign, glandular epithelial neoplasm.

Question 27

Carcinoma

Answer 27

Malignant epithelial neoplasm.

Question 28

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 28

Presumably malignant epithelial neoplasm, but has yet to penetrate basement membrane

Question 29

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 29

Malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm

Question 30

Papilloma

Answer 30

Benign protrusion from the skin or mucous membrane. Ex: wart.

Question 31

Polyp

Answer 31

Benign protruding mass from an epithelial surface that is not the skin

Question 32

Parenchymal cell

Answer 32

Origin of the neoplasm, grows inappropriately.

Question 33

Stroma

Answer 33

Connective tissue of the tumor

Question 34

Stage 1

Answer 34

Carcinoma in situ; neoplastic growth ONLY in epithelium of origin

Question 35

Stage 2

Answer 35

Penetration of the stroma

Question 36

Stage 3

Answer 36

Spread of neoplasia to blood vessels/lymph nodes

Question 37

Stage 4

Answer 37

Distant metastases