Lecture 3 Flashcards
Programmed CD includes
Apoptosis and autophagy
Cell death can be both ______ and non______.
Programmed
Nonprogrammed CD is known as
Necrosis
Caspase dependent cell death
Apoptosis
Caspase independent cell death
Autophagy
Two cellular degradation systems include
The selective ubiquitin-proteasome system and the bulk autophagy
3 different modes of autophagy
Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone mediated autophagy.
Steps of macroautophagy
Double membraned autophagosome forms around target organelle, autophagosome fuses with lysosome to form autophagolysosome, organelle is digested.
Lysosome directly engulfs cytoplasmic contents
Microautophagy
Autophagy is negatively regulated primarily by
mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin.
Rapamycin acts on mTOR to
Inhibit it. Rapamycin inhibits the inhibitor, activating autophagy.
Secondary regulator of autophagy
P53
Which tumor cells tend to have elevated autophagy activity?
Cells in the center of a growing tumor (hypoxic glycolytic cells) where blood flow is diminished
What affect does autophagy have on cancer formation?
Can both inhibit and promote. Acts as a tumor suppressor early on.
How does autophagy inhibit tumorigenesis?
Reduces inflammation and recycles damaged organelles.
What is PSA and what is it used for?
Prostate-specific antigen; used in the PSA test that measures level of PSA in the blood as a test for prostate cancer.
Neoplasm
Autonomous proliferative cell growth. Independent of normal controls put on proliferation.
Tumor
Abnormal mass of tissue resultant of excessive cell division. Ex: abscess.
Cancer
Malignant neoplasia. Can invade nearby tissues, metastasize.
Malignant
Capable of invasive growth and metastasis
Benign
Grows locally and cannot currently invade or metastasize.
Hyperplasia
Increased proliferation if cells in response to stimulus. Typically regresses after signal is lost.
Atypia/Dysplasia
Loss of normal orientation and differentiation pattern in non-neoplastic cells. Pre-neoplastic event.
Differentiation
Degree to which a tumor resembles its tissue of origin
Anaplasia
Loss of typical morphology of adult differentiated cells
Pleomorphism
Bizarre/variable morphology among tumor cells. Characteristic of malignant neoplasms.
Adenoma
Benign, glandular epithelial neoplasm.
Carcinoma
Malignant epithelial neoplasm.
Carcinoma in situ
Presumably malignant epithelial neoplasm, but has yet to penetrate basement membrane
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm
Papilloma
Benign protrusion from the skin or mucous membrane. Ex: wart.
Polyp
Benign protruding mass from an epithelial surface that is not the skin
Parenchymal cell
Origin of the neoplasm, grows inappropriately.
Stroma
Connective tissue of the tumor
Stage 1
Carcinoma in situ; neoplastic growth ONLY in epithelium of origin
Stage 2
Penetration of the stroma
Stage 3
Spread of neoplasia to blood vessels/lymph nodes
Stage 4
Distant metastases
