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Exercise Physiology > Lecture #3 (2/7) > Flashcards

Lecture #3 (2/7) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the changes that occur during and in the hours after a single session of PA?

A

Acute exercise

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2
Q

What is the training that occurs over time due to changes in the structure/function of various systems

A

Chronic exercise

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3
Q

What is the ability of the cardio-respiratory system to deliver O2 to the exercise muscles called?

A

Central mechanism

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4
Q

What causes central mechanism in exercise?

A

Heart
Lung
circulatory

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5
Q

What is the delivery and extraction of O2 at the exercising muscles?

A

Peripheral mechanisms

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6
Q

What causes peripheral mechanism?

A

capillaries
mitochondria
enzymes

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7
Q

What is the combining/connecting central and peripheral processes?

A

systemic

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8
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute?

A

Q-Cardiac Output

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9
Q

How do you calculate Q- cardiac output?

A

HR x SR

heart rate times stroke volume

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10
Q

What is the amount of blood in a ventricle at end diastole?

A

EDV- End diastolic volume

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11
Q

What is the amount of blood remaining in a ventricle at end systole?

A

ESV- End systolic volume

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12
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle (primarily the left) per beat?

A

SV- stroke volume

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13
Q

How do you calculate SV?

A

SV= EDV-ESV

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14
Q

What is the percent of ED that is pumped by the ventricle called?

A

EF- ejection fraction

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15
Q

What should the EF fraction be?

A

EF fraction should be about 55-60% or higher

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16
Q

What is the total volume of gas in liters exhale from the lungs per minute?

A

VE- minute ventilation

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17
Q

What is the air volume moved either during inspiration or expiration of each breathing cycle?

A

TV- tidal volume

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18
Q

What is the rate of breathing over one minute?

A

RR- respiratory rate

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19
Q

What is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either bc of: Anatomic dead space or physiologic dead space?

A

VD- ventilatory dead space

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20
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

remains in the conducting airways

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21
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly prefused

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22
Q

What is the maximal capacity of the lungs to move air over minute?

A

MVV- maximal voluntary ventilation

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23
Q

What are the three types of exercise?

A

aerobic
anaerobic
flexibility

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24
Q

What is the Pros of all three types of exercise?

A

aerobic- cardiovascular and burning calories
anaerobic- Strength and metabolism
flexibility- ROM and soreness

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25
Q

What are the basic responses of the body to PA?

A

1- going from rest to motion, cells are jolted out of resting state of balance
2- set of processes that supply the cell with extra energy
3- cells need additional oxygen to fuel the metabolic functions
4- to meet this demand, the respiratory and circulatory systems gear up to deliver O2 rich blood to working muscles
5- This accelerated metabolism, in turn, produces greater amounts of waste products
6-These products are transported back to waste-removal sites(kidney, lungs)
7- Therefore, HR and respiratory increases
8- other byproducts: heat, sweat, etc

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26
Q

How does HR increase in central acute response to exercise?

A

linearly to work

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27
Q

How is blood flow response to central acute response exercise?

A

Blood flow to the working musculature increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise

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28
Q

When is Maximum SV is achieved ?

A

at 50% of VO2 max

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29
Q

When does Q levels increase?

A
  • resting level: 5L/min
  • In sedentary people
  • world class athletes
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30
Q

What are some common acute responses during exercise?

A
  • increase in VO2
  • decrease in systemic vascular resistance
  • increase in systolic BP
  • no change in diastolic BP
  • Rate of breathing increases
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31
Q

What is the old HR formula?

A

220-age

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32
Q

What is the new HR formula?

A

208- (0.7xage)

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33
Q

What allows for increased total blood flow to the body during exercise?

A

acute changes in Q and BP during exercise

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34
Q

When does blood flow patterns change?

A

in transition from rest to exercise

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35
Q

How does blood get redirected to active areas during exercise?

A

Through SNS

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36
Q

What is it when with prolonged aerobic exercise or aerobic exercise in the heat, at constant exercise intensity.

A

Cardiovascular drift

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37
Q

What results of cardiovascular drift?

A
  • decrease in arterial bp

- HR increases, allows maintenance of Q

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38
Q

What is the progressive increase in the amount of Q directed to the vasodilated skin to facilitate heat loss and attenuate the increase of body core temperature?

A

Cardiovascular drift

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39
Q

What occurs commonly during cardiovascular drift?

A
  • more blood to skin for purpose of cooling the body

- less blood available to return to heart-decreases preload

40
Q

With onset of exercise how much plasma is lost from blood to interstitial fluid space?

A

10% or less

41
Q

Loss of plasma levels in blood can lead to what?

A

dehydration
increase blood viscosity
impair performance

42
Q

What can result from reduction in plasma volume called?

A

hemoconcentration

43
Q

What is a major determinant of carido-respiratory endurance capacity at near-maximal and maximal exercise intensities?

A

stroke volume

44
Q

How is Stroke volume determined?

A
  • volume of venous blood returned to the heart
  • ventricular distensibility
  • ventricular contractility
  • aortic or pulmonary artery pressure
45
Q

How much can stroke volume increase with increasing rates of work?

A

up to intensity between 40-60% of maximal capacity

46
Q

Can stroke volume continue to increase up through max exercise intensities?

A

yes

47
Q

What does stroke volume magnitude of changes in SV depend on?

A

position of body before and during exercise

48
Q

During exercise the muscle pump functions to do what?

A

return blood to the heart or increase venous return

49
Q

What is the extent to which ventricle fills with blood and stretches and subsequently contracts more forcefully call Frank starling mechanism known to do?

A

increase venous return

Preload

50
Q

What is it when neural stimulation occurs without end-diastolic volume increases?

A

Increased ventricular contractility

51
Q

What is it when vasodilation of blood vessels in exercising skeletral muscle?

A

decreased total peripheral resistance

52
Q

What is the integration of skeletal muscle metabolism and the cardiopulmonary unit to determine what?

A

VO2- Oxygen consumption

53
Q

VO2 is product of what two values?

A

cardiac output-Q
and
avO2 difference

54
Q

What is avO2 difference?

A

the amount of O2 used by the muscle

55
Q

Q is the product of what two values?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

56
Q

What is the formula for VO2?

A

HR x SV x avO2 difference

57
Q

What is the maximum volume of oxygen consumed by the body each minute during exercise. Because oxygen consumption is linearly related to energy expenditure, when we measure oxygen consumption, we are indirectly measuring an individual’s maximal capacity to do work aerobically.

A

VO2 Max

58
Q

VO2 is also known as what?

A

Maximal Aerobic Power, Maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake, and maximal cardiorespiratory fitness

59
Q

When is the greatest amount of O2 used?

A

during physical exercise

60
Q

How is VO2 expressed?

A

L/min or ml/kg/min

61
Q

What is VO2max an index of?

A

maximal cardiovascular and pulmonary funciton

62
Q

VO2max is a single most useful measurement to what?

A

useful measurement to characterize the functional capacity of the oxygen transport system

63
Q

VO2max is a limiting factor in what type of exercise?

A

endurance performance

64
Q

What is the extent to which oxygen is extracted from the blood as it passes through the working musculature called?

A

Arterial-Venous oxygen difference

65
Q

How is arterial-venous oxygen difference calculated?

A

difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood

66
Q

How does Arterial-venous oxygen difference increase?

A

increases with increasing exercise intensity, with more oxygen being extracted from the blood

67
Q

When does Systolic pressure increase?

A

during dynamic exercise

68
Q

How id Diastolic and Mean arterial pressure affected by dynamic exercise?

A

not changed significantly

69
Q

How does resistance exercise affect BP?

A

can exaggerate BP

even as high as 480/350 bpm

70
Q

Some BP increase during resistance exercise is due to what maneuver?

A

Valsalva maneuver

71
Q

What is an acute effect after exercise of BP?

A

BP decreases for 3 hours post-exercise

72
Q

What is an acute effect after exercise of TG?

A

Triglyceride levels decrease the morning after an exercise

73
Q

What is an acute effect after exercise of RMR?

A

Resting metabolic rate increases for several hours following cessation of high-intensity exercise

74
Q

What is a response cardiovascularly to regular exercise called and do?

A

“Training Response”

this results in an increase in maximum exercise tolerance, and a reduction in HR at a given exercise level

75
Q

What are some major responses to training aerobically?

A
  • increased Blood volume
  • increased myoglobin content
  • increased number and size of mitochondria
  • increased capillary density
  • increase in amount of oxidative enzymes
  • increased oxidation of fat through increased intramuscular triglycerides
  • increased release of FFA
  • increased enzyme activity
76
Q

What are some major response to training anaerobically?

A
  • increased muscular stores of ATP and CP
  • Increased enzyme activity
  • increased muscular stores of glycogen
  • hypertrophy of fast twitch fibers
77
Q

The heart has a dense network of capillaries, how many capillaries per cubic millimeters?

A

about 2000 capillaries per cubic millimeter

78
Q

Individual heart cells are densely packed with what cell organelle?

A

mitochondria

79
Q

what percent of human heart cell volume consists of mitochondria?

A

25-30%

80
Q

The heart can metabolize what three substrates with equal effectiveness?

A

fat
lactate
and blood glucose

81
Q

What is the average person’s stroke volume and resting heart rate?

A

70ml/beat

70 beats/minute

82
Q

What is the average yield of resting cardiac output?

A

5 L/minute

83
Q

After 6 months of endurance training the resting HR can decrease to what bpm?

A

55bpm

84
Q

Athlete’s heart have what sort size stroke volume?

A

larger stroke volume

85
Q

At the beginning of exercise due to signals from joints, muscles of proprioceptors HR will what?

A

increase HR

86
Q

End diastolic volume increases or decreases in the trained heart?

A

Increases EDV

87
Q

EDV is affected by what?

A
  • venous return= volume of blood returning to heart

- Preload= amount ventricles are stretched by blood

88
Q

What is ESV affected by?

A
  • contractility= myocardial contractile force due to factors other than EDV
  • Afterload= back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
89
Q

What is the preload or degree of stretch, of cardiac muscle cells before they contract and its a critical factor controlling stroke volume called?

A

Frank starling law

90
Q

What leads to an increase of stretch of myocardial muscle?

A

increase in EDV, diastolic volume

91
Q

What is the basic change reaction of Frank Starling law?

A

increase preload
increases stretch of cardiac muscle
increases force of contraction
increased SV

92
Q

If SV is increased what happens to ESV?

A

ESV decreases with increased SV

93
Q

What happens to SV with slow heartbeat or exercise increased venous return (VR) to the heart?

A

SV will increase

94
Q

What are three ways VR-venous return changes?

A

1- blood volume
2- skeletal muscle activity
3- alterations in cardiac output

95
Q

If Venous return increases what happens to EDV?

A

increases

96
Q

What are some extreme situations that may lead to decrease in SV?

A

blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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