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Exercise Physiology > Lecture #1 (2/6) > Flashcards

Lecture #1 (2/6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is exercise?

A
  • Regular physical activity, apart from the normal daily routine, that is of high enough intensity and long enough duration to cause biochemical and physiological changes in the body
  • A subset of physical activity
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2
Q

What is the ability to carry out daily tasks with alertness and vigor, without undue fatigue, and with enough energy reserve to meet emergencies or to enjoy leisure time pursuits?

A

Physical fitness

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3
Q

What is a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to perform physical activity?

A

Physical Fitness

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4
Q

What is the relationship between physical activity and fitness?

A

They are closely related:

fitness is mainly not entirely determined by physical activity patterns over recent weeks/months

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5
Q

For most people increase in physical activity produces what?

A

increase in physical fitness

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6
Q

What causes variety in the amount of adaptation in fitness to standard exercise doses?

A

genetics control

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7
Q

What four systems are required to sustained muscular work?

A

Metabolic
Skeletal
Circulatory
Ventilatory

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8
Q

What is Carbohydrates?

A
  • energy source
  • prime lipid metabolism
  • fuel for the central nervous system
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9
Q

What is lipid?

A
  • largest store of energy
  • protects vital organs
  • thermal insulation
  • cellular structure
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10
Q

What is protein?

A

anabolism

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11
Q

What is anabolism?

A

building tissues

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12
Q

What is vitamins?

A
  • links for energy release from food

- tissue synthesis

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13
Q

What is minerals?

A
  • Structure- such as bones and teeth
  • Function- muscle contractility, acid-base balance
  • Cellular metabolism= part of enzymes and hormones
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14
Q

What is water?

A
  • diffusion of gases occurs across moist surfaces
  • nutrients are transported in water
  • eliminates waste products
  • heat stabilizing
  • structure and form to the body
  • joint lubrication
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15
Q

What are three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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16
Q

What are three examples of Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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17
Q

What is Glucose?

A

-other sugars are broken down to this

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18
Q

What produces glucose?

A

gluconeogensis

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19
Q

Where is glucose absorbed?

A

small intestines

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20
Q

What is Glucose used for?

A

-used directly for energy

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21
Q

What is glucose stored as and where?

A

as glycogen by muscle and liver

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22
Q

What is glucose converted to , to be stored?

A

lipids to be energy storage

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23
Q

Name one type of Oligosaccharides?

A

Disaccharides

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24
Q

What is Disaccharides ?

A

two sugars

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25
Q

What are three types of Disaccharides ?

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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26
Q

What are two plant polysaccharides?

A

fiber

starch

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27
Q

What is the main polysaccharide for animals?

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

What is glycogen synthesized from and by what?

A

from glucose by glucogensis

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29
Q

How many grams of glycogen stored in the human body?

A

375-475grams

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30
Q

Where are the three major areas of glycogen locations in the human body?

A

muscles has 75%
liver 25%
blood 5 grams

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31
Q

What is the glycogen path from liver to blood?

A

liver glycogen converted to glucose
released into blood
glycogenolysis

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32
Q

What is a simple lipids?

A

Triglycerides

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33
Q

What percent of human body fat is triglycerides?

A

95%

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34
Q

What are the two clusters of simple lipids for triglycerides?

A

Glycerol

Fatty acids

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35
Q

What are the three types of fatty acids?

A

saturated
mono unsaturated
poly unsaturated

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36
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms

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37
Q

What is a mono unsaturated fatty acid?

A

one double bond on the carbon chain

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38
Q

What is a poly unsaturated fatty acid?

A

two or more double bonds on the carbon chain

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39
Q

When is the oxygen the final acceptor?

A

In electron ion transfer process and water is a crude result of this process

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40
Q

Why is glycogen key for physical fitness?

A

It stores carbohydrates for fast energy. If you “hit the wall” the glycogen storage has been depleted

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41
Q

Humans lack enzymes to transfer glycogen from one working muscle to another, true or false?

A

true

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42
Q

What is triglyceride formation called?

A

Esterification

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43
Q

When is Esterification increased?

A

following a meal

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44
Q

What happens during esterification?

A
  • increase blood levels of fatty acids and glucose
  • high level of insulin
  • facilitates triglyceride synthesis and glucose absorption
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45
Q

What is triglyceride breakdown?

A

lipolysis

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46
Q

What does Lipolysis yield?

A

glycerol and fatty acid molecules

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47
Q

What occurs during lipolysis?

A
  • during low to moderate level exercise
  • low caloric diet
  • cold stress
  • prolonged exercise
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48
Q

What occurs during prolonged exercise?

A

glycogen depletion

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49
Q

What are the three levels of lipid and health?

A

VLDL- very low density lipoproteins
LDL- low density lipoproteins
HDL- high density lipoproteins

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50
Q

What is proteins constructed of?

A

of amino acids and peptide bonds

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51
Q

How much different proteins is the human able to synthesize?

A

80,000 different proteins

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52
Q

How much protein is found in the body at any given time?

A

50,000 proteins

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53
Q

How many different amino acids house the human need?

A

20

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54
Q

What are the 20 different amino acids breakdown?

A

8 essential amino acids
2 produced from other amino acids
10 non-essential

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55
Q

What is protein catabolism?

A

amino acids released from protein turnover in the body not participating in synthesis are catabolized for energy

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56
Q

When does protein catabolism occur?

A
  • excess protein in diet

- times of dietary necessity

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57
Q

During protein catabolism proteins degrade into what?

A

amino acids

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58
Q

Deamination occurs where?

A

in the liver

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59
Q

What is the amino acid stripped of?

A

amine group or nitrogen

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60
Q

What can the deaminated amino acid be used for?

A

energy
gluconeogenesis
or fat synthesis

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61
Q

What is formed from the excess nitrogen and excreted?

A

urea in the form of urine

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62
Q

What does liver increase release of to activate muscles as exercise progress from low to high intensity?

A

Glucose

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63
Q

What supplies energy source?

A

muscle glycogen

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64
Q

During very high intensity exercise what is the sole source of energy?

A

carbohydrates

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65
Q

What provides feedback to the liver to regulate release of glycogen?

A

blood glucose levels

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66
Q

What occurs during interactions of carbohydrate and fat?

A

increased availability of carbohydrates

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67
Q

What are blunt long-chain fatty acids oxidized by?

A

skeletal muscle

68
Q

Interaction of carbs and fat decreases liberation of what from adipose tissue?

A

FAAs

69
Q

Intense exercise will result in increase in what two neurotransmitters?

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

70
Q

Intense exercise will increase or decrease glucagon?

A

increase

71
Q

Intense exercise will increase or decrease insulin?

A

decrease

72
Q

All intense exercise will activate what?

A

glycogen phophorylase

73
Q

What two places does glycogenolysis occur?

A

in liver and active muscles

74
Q

How many hours of strenuous exercise will deplete the liver of glycogen and muscle glycogen?

A

2 hours

75
Q

During submaximal exercise where is energy supplied from and how many percents?

A

Liver and muscle glycogen =50%
Fat=50%
Trace by protein

76
Q

How is protein used during submaximal exercise?

A

Alanine-glucose cycle

77
Q

After glycogen is depleted, What two things become energy sources?

A

fat and protein

78
Q

What do humans lack to transport glucose from non-working to working muscles?

A

phosphatase enzyme

79
Q

What is used as short term energy source for the organism by providing a means to store and release glucose in response to blood glucose levels?

A

Liver glycogen

80
Q

Does liver use liver glycogen for it’s own energy use?

A

no

81
Q

What provides a readily available source of glucose during exercise to support anaerobic and aerobic energy conversion pathways within muscle cells?

A

Muscle glycogen

82
Q

What do muscle cells lack that prevents it from releasing glucose into the blood?

A

enzyme glucose 6-phophatase

83
Q

Where is Alanine synthesized from?

A

pyruvate

84
Q

Alanine leaves muscle and enters where to get deaminated?

A

enters livers

85
Q

The remaining carbon skeleton converts alanine to glucose and enters what?

A

bloodstream

86
Q

What is carbon skeleton?

A

skeleton without nitrogen

87
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

88
Q

What is the high energy compound that provides power for all body processes?

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate

89
Q

What two things can provide energy to produce ATPs?

A

Phosphocreatine PC or

Phosphocreatine CP

90
Q

In the early minutes of intense exercise, what combination of actions allowed for muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen?

A

combined actions of the ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems allow muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen

91
Q

What are the two energy systems that contribute to early minutes of high-intensity exercise?

A

ATP-PCr

glycolytic systems

92
Q

In glycolytic system how many enzymatic reactions are needed to break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid?

A

10-12 enzymatic reactions

93
Q

In glycolytic system, what breaks down and produces what?

A

break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid

and produces ATP

94
Q

Where does glycolytic system occur?

A

cytoplasm

95
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

does not its called anaerobic

96
Q

Without oxygen present, pyrubic acid produced by glycolysis becomes what?

A

lactic acid

97
Q

ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for all-out activity for how long?

A

2 min

98
Q

What is the first stage of glucose degradation for ATP formation called?

A

Glycolysis

99
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Outside the mitochondria

100
Q

What two things are the rate of glycolysis dependant on?

A

1-presence of O2

2-concentration of phophofructokinase

101
Q

What inhibits glycolysis?

A

presence of O2

102
Q

What is a limiting enzyme for glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

103
Q

During steady state exercise H+ is oxidized to what?

A

NADH

104
Q

What is the end product of steady state exercise after H+ is oxidized to NADH?

A

pyruvate

105
Q

During intense exercise H+ production exceeds what ?

A

NAD availability

106
Q

During intense exercise the H+ excess combines with what to form what?

A

combines with pyruvate to form lactic acid

107
Q

What is excess lactate buffered by?

A

bicarbonate

108
Q

combination of lactate and bicarbonate form what?

A

CO2

109
Q

What drives ventilation?

A

CO2

110
Q

When exercise de-intensifies, the excess lactate can be used as a substrate through what process?

A

Cori cycle

111
Q

What does Cori cycle do to the excess lactate?

A

oxidized for energy or synthesized to glucose

112
Q

In the oxidative system oxygen is used to generate energy from what?

A

metabolic fuels

113
Q

oxidative system is aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

114
Q

Where does oxidative production of ATP occur?

A

in mitochondria

115
Q

Which process yields much more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic processes?

A

aerobic yields more ATP

116
Q

What is the primary method of energy production during endurance events?

A

oxidative system aerobic processes

117
Q

Fatty acids transform to what in the mitochondria?

A

Acetyl-CoA

118
Q

What process transforms fatty acids to acetyl-CoA?

A

during beta-oxidation

119
Q

Where does beta-oxidation occur?

A

mitochondria

120
Q

During beta-oxidation what is being split from the long chain of fatty acids?

A

splitting of 2-carbon acyl fragments from the fatty acids

121
Q

The split 2-carbon acyl fragments of beta-oxidation joint with what?

A

coenzyme A

122
Q

During beta-oxidation the split 2-carbon acyl fragment join with coenzyme A to form what?

A

acetyl-CoA

123
Q

The final product of beta-oxidation, acetyl-CoA directly enters what process?

A

citric acid cycle

124
Q

Energy in food is converted to form what energy source?

A

ATP

125
Q

Where does energy for muscular contraction come from?

A

breakdown of ATP to ADP and phophate

126
Q

How much ATP is stored in the cell?

A

5 mmol in each kg of muscle, which is small amout

127
Q

What occurs when levels of ATP in cells drop by more than 25%?

A

muscular contraction is impaired

128
Q

Since there is only a small amount of ATP stored at any given time, and with low levels muscular contraction is impaired what must occur to maintain a healthy contractions?

A

there must be re-synthesize of ATP often

129
Q

What can be used to resynthesize ATP?

A

CP

130
Q

Can blood or other tissues supply ATP?

A

no

131
Q

Energy to re-synthesize ATP is made available by what two methods?

A

anaerobic and aerobic

132
Q

What is the determining factor of re-synthesizing ATP with either anaerobic or aerobic?

A

depends on duration and intensity of exercise

133
Q

What duration of activity is considered short duration?

A

0-10 seconds

134
Q

During high intensity and short duration, what sort of work is used?

A

anaerobic work

135
Q

What energy source is used for high intensity and short duration?

A

ATP and CP stored in muscle

136
Q

When is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work activated?

A

immediately

137
Q

What type of power output does high intensity and short duration anaerobic work put out?

A

high peak power output

138
Q

How is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work limited?

A

limited by small amount of intramuscular ATP and CP

139
Q

What is an example of high intensity and short duration anaerobic work?

A

100 yard dash at max intensity

140
Q

What duration of activity is considered moderate duration?

A

30-180 seconds

141
Q

What type of process does high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work require?

A

glycolysis

142
Q

During high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work, high energy phosphates must do what at a rapid rate?

A

must be continually resynthesized at a rapid rate

143
Q

What provides energy to high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work’s glycolysis?

A

glucose and stored glycogen to phosphorylate ADP

144
Q

What limits high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?

A

the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis, Lactic acid limits exercise

145
Q

What is an example of high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?

A

440 yard run or 100 yard swim at max intensity

146
Q

Low or moderate intensity with long duration requires what type of work?

A

aerobic work

147
Q

What process is used during aerobic exercise?

A

Krebs cycle-electron transport chain

148
Q

How much ATP is produced for each mole of 1 glucose during Krebs cycle?

A

36 ATP for 1 mole of glucose

149
Q

What is Krebs cycle aka?

A

TCA- Tricarboxylic acid cylce

150
Q

What does TCA/Kreb cycle degrades acetyl CoA from?

A

pyruvate or fats into CO2 and H2

151
Q

The H2 from the Krebs cycle gets transferred to where for what purpose?

A

sent to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation and regeneration of ATP

152
Q

Low or moderate intensity, long duration aerobic work has what speed and peak power?

A

slow speed and low peak power

153
Q

How big is aerobic exercise’s fuel?

A

large reservoir of fuel as adipose tissue

154
Q

What are the two main types of muscle fibers?

A

Type I and Type II

155
Q

What is Type I muscle fiber?

A

slow twitch oxidative for endurance

156
Q

What is Type II muscle fiber?

A

fast twitch glycolytic for explosive

157
Q

What energy system is used for Immediate, Short term, and long term?

A

Immediate: Phosphagen
Short term: Glycolytic
Long term: Aerobic

158
Q

How much mole of ATP/min for immediate, short, and long term?

A

immediate: 4 ATP/min
short term: 2.5 ATP/min
long term: 1 ATP/min

159
Q

How long does it take to fatigue for immediate, short, and long term exercise?

A

immediate: 5-10 sec
short term: 1-1.6 minutes
long term: unlimited

160
Q

How long does Anaerobic ATP-CP take?

A

10 seconds or less

161
Q

How long does glycolysis take?

A

a few minutes

162
Q

How long do all aerobic cycles such as Krebs and Electron Transport chain take?

A

2 minutes or more

163
Q

What are pros for Metabolism of carbs?

A

can support high-intensity exercise because glycolysis can oncur without oxygen

164
Q

What are some cons for Metabolism of carbs?

A

lactate buildup occurs, and carb stores are very limited in the body relative to adipose tissue

165
Q

What are pros for metabolism of fat?

A

ATP yields are very large for fatty acids versus glucose

and fat is very dense energy source

166
Q

What are cons for metabolism of fat?

A

requires oxygen and the process is not as quick as glycolysis

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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