Lecture #1 (2/6) Flashcards
What is exercise?
- Regular physical activity, apart from the normal daily routine, that is of high enough intensity and long enough duration to cause biochemical and physiological changes in the body
- A subset of physical activity
What is the ability to carry out daily tasks with alertness and vigor, without undue fatigue, and with enough energy reserve to meet emergencies or to enjoy leisure time pursuits?
Physical fitness
What is a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to perform physical activity?
Physical Fitness
What is the relationship between physical activity and fitness?
They are closely related:
fitness is mainly not entirely determined by physical activity patterns over recent weeks/months
For most people increase in physical activity produces what?
increase in physical fitness
What causes variety in the amount of adaptation in fitness to standard exercise doses?
genetics control
What four systems are required to sustained muscular work?
Metabolic
Skeletal
Circulatory
Ventilatory
What is Carbohydrates?
- energy source
- prime lipid metabolism
- fuel for the central nervous system
What is lipid?
- largest store of energy
- protects vital organs
- thermal insulation
- cellular structure
What is protein?
anabolism
What is anabolism?
building tissues
What is vitamins?
- links for energy release from food
- tissue synthesis
What is minerals?
- Structure- such as bones and teeth
- Function- muscle contractility, acid-base balance
- Cellular metabolism= part of enzymes and hormones
What is water?
- diffusion of gases occurs across moist surfaces
- nutrients are transported in water
- eliminates waste products
- heat stabilizing
- structure and form to the body
- joint lubrication
What are three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are three examples of Monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What is Glucose?
-other sugars are broken down to this
What produces glucose?
gluconeogensis
Where is glucose absorbed?
small intestines
What is Glucose used for?
-used directly for energy
What is glucose stored as and where?
as glycogen by muscle and liver
What is glucose converted to , to be stored?
lipids to be energy storage
Name one type of Oligosaccharides?
Disaccharides
What is Disaccharides ?
two sugars
What are three types of Disaccharides ?
sucrose
lactose
maltose
What are two plant polysaccharides?
fiber
starch
What is the main polysaccharide for animals?
Glycogen
What is glycogen synthesized from and by what?
from glucose by glucogensis
How many grams of glycogen stored in the human body?
375-475grams
Where are the three major areas of glycogen locations in the human body?
muscles has 75%
liver 25%
blood 5 grams
What is the glycogen path from liver to blood?
liver glycogen converted to glucose
released into blood
glycogenolysis
What is a simple lipids?
Triglycerides
What percent of human body fat is triglycerides?
95%
What are the two clusters of simple lipids for triglycerides?
Glycerol
Fatty acids
What are the three types of fatty acids?
saturated
mono unsaturated
poly unsaturated
What is a saturated fatty acid?
no double bonds between carbon atoms
What is a mono unsaturated fatty acid?
one double bond on the carbon chain
What is a poly unsaturated fatty acid?
two or more double bonds on the carbon chain
When is the oxygen the final acceptor?
In electron ion transfer process and water is a crude result of this process
Why is glycogen key for physical fitness?
It stores carbohydrates for fast energy. If you “hit the wall” the glycogen storage has been depleted
Humans lack enzymes to transfer glycogen from one working muscle to another, true or false?
true
What is triglyceride formation called?
Esterification
When is Esterification increased?
following a meal
What happens during esterification?
- increase blood levels of fatty acids and glucose
- high level of insulin
- facilitates triglyceride synthesis and glucose absorption
What is triglyceride breakdown?
lipolysis
What does Lipolysis yield?
glycerol and fatty acid molecules
What occurs during lipolysis?
- during low to moderate level exercise
- low caloric diet
- cold stress
- prolonged exercise
What occurs during prolonged exercise?
glycogen depletion
What are the three levels of lipid and health?
VLDL- very low density lipoproteins
LDL- low density lipoproteins
HDL- high density lipoproteins
What is proteins constructed of?
of amino acids and peptide bonds
How much different proteins is the human able to synthesize?
80,000 different proteins
How much protein is found in the body at any given time?
50,000 proteins
How many different amino acids house the human need?
20
What are the 20 different amino acids breakdown?
8 essential amino acids
2 produced from other amino acids
10 non-essential
What is protein catabolism?
amino acids released from protein turnover in the body not participating in synthesis are catabolized for energy
When does protein catabolism occur?
- excess protein in diet
- times of dietary necessity
During protein catabolism proteins degrade into what?
amino acids
Deamination occurs where?
in the liver
What is the amino acid stripped of?
amine group or nitrogen
What can the deaminated amino acid be used for?
energy
gluconeogenesis
or fat synthesis
What is formed from the excess nitrogen and excreted?
urea in the form of urine
What does liver increase release of to activate muscles as exercise progress from low to high intensity?
Glucose
What supplies energy source?
muscle glycogen
During very high intensity exercise what is the sole source of energy?
carbohydrates
What provides feedback to the liver to regulate release of glycogen?
blood glucose levels
What occurs during interactions of carbohydrate and fat?
increased availability of carbohydrates
What are blunt long-chain fatty acids oxidized by?
skeletal muscle
Interaction of carbs and fat decreases liberation of what from adipose tissue?
FAAs
Intense exercise will result in increase in what two neurotransmitters?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Intense exercise will increase or decrease glucagon?
increase
Intense exercise will increase or decrease insulin?
decrease
All intense exercise will activate what?
glycogen phophorylase
What two places does glycogenolysis occur?
in liver and active muscles
How many hours of strenuous exercise will deplete the liver of glycogen and muscle glycogen?
2 hours
During submaximal exercise where is energy supplied from and how many percents?
Liver and muscle glycogen =50%
Fat=50%
Trace by protein
How is protein used during submaximal exercise?
Alanine-glucose cycle
After glycogen is depleted, What two things become energy sources?
fat and protein
What do humans lack to transport glucose from non-working to working muscles?
phosphatase enzyme
What is used as short term energy source for the organism by providing a means to store and release glucose in response to blood glucose levels?
Liver glycogen
Does liver use liver glycogen for it’s own energy use?
no
What provides a readily available source of glucose during exercise to support anaerobic and aerobic energy conversion pathways within muscle cells?
Muscle glycogen
What do muscle cells lack that prevents it from releasing glucose into the blood?
enzyme glucose 6-phophatase
Where is Alanine synthesized from?
pyruvate
Alanine leaves muscle and enters where to get deaminated?
enters livers
The remaining carbon skeleton converts alanine to glucose and enters what?
bloodstream
What is carbon skeleton?
skeleton without nitrogen
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
What is the high energy compound that provides power for all body processes?
ATP adenosine triphosphate
What two things can provide energy to produce ATPs?
Phosphocreatine PC or
Phosphocreatine CP
In the early minutes of intense exercise, what combination of actions allowed for muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen?
combined actions of the ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems allow muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen
What are the two energy systems that contribute to early minutes of high-intensity exercise?
ATP-PCr
glycolytic systems
In glycolytic system how many enzymatic reactions are needed to break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid?
10-12 enzymatic reactions
In glycolytic system, what breaks down and produces what?
break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid
and produces ATP
Where does glycolytic system occur?
cytoplasm
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
does not its called anaerobic
Without oxygen present, pyrubic acid produced by glycolysis becomes what?
lactic acid
ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for all-out activity for how long?
2 min
What is the first stage of glucose degradation for ATP formation called?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis occur?
Outside the mitochondria
What two things are the rate of glycolysis dependant on?
1-presence of O2
2-concentration of phophofructokinase
What inhibits glycolysis?
presence of O2
What is a limiting enzyme for glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
During steady state exercise H+ is oxidized to what?
NADH
What is the end product of steady state exercise after H+ is oxidized to NADH?
pyruvate
During intense exercise H+ production exceeds what ?
NAD availability
During intense exercise the H+ excess combines with what to form what?
combines with pyruvate to form lactic acid
What is excess lactate buffered by?
bicarbonate
combination of lactate and bicarbonate form what?
CO2
What drives ventilation?
CO2
When exercise de-intensifies, the excess lactate can be used as a substrate through what process?
Cori cycle
What does Cori cycle do to the excess lactate?
oxidized for energy or synthesized to glucose
In the oxidative system oxygen is used to generate energy from what?
metabolic fuels
oxidative system is aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
Where does oxidative production of ATP occur?
in mitochondria
Which process yields much more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic processes?
aerobic yields more ATP
What is the primary method of energy production during endurance events?
oxidative system aerobic processes
Fatty acids transform to what in the mitochondria?
Acetyl-CoA
What process transforms fatty acids to acetyl-CoA?
during beta-oxidation
Where does beta-oxidation occur?
mitochondria
During beta-oxidation what is being split from the long chain of fatty acids?
splitting of 2-carbon acyl fragments from the fatty acids
The split 2-carbon acyl fragments of beta-oxidation joint with what?
coenzyme A
During beta-oxidation the split 2-carbon acyl fragment join with coenzyme A to form what?
acetyl-CoA
The final product of beta-oxidation, acetyl-CoA directly enters what process?
citric acid cycle
Energy in food is converted to form what energy source?
ATP
Where does energy for muscular contraction come from?
breakdown of ATP to ADP and phophate
How much ATP is stored in the cell?
5 mmol in each kg of muscle, which is small amout
What occurs when levels of ATP in cells drop by more than 25%?
muscular contraction is impaired
Since there is only a small amount of ATP stored at any given time, and with low levels muscular contraction is impaired what must occur to maintain a healthy contractions?
there must be re-synthesize of ATP often
What can be used to resynthesize ATP?
CP
Can blood or other tissues supply ATP?
no
Energy to re-synthesize ATP is made available by what two methods?
anaerobic and aerobic
What is the determining factor of re-synthesizing ATP with either anaerobic or aerobic?
depends on duration and intensity of exercise
What duration of activity is considered short duration?
0-10 seconds
During high intensity and short duration, what sort of work is used?
anaerobic work
What energy source is used for high intensity and short duration?
ATP and CP stored in muscle
When is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work activated?
immediately
What type of power output does high intensity and short duration anaerobic work put out?
high peak power output
How is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work limited?
limited by small amount of intramuscular ATP and CP
What is an example of high intensity and short duration anaerobic work?
100 yard dash at max intensity
What duration of activity is considered moderate duration?
30-180 seconds
What type of process does high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work require?
glycolysis
During high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work, high energy phosphates must do what at a rapid rate?
must be continually resynthesized at a rapid rate
What provides energy to high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work’s glycolysis?
glucose and stored glycogen to phosphorylate ADP
What limits high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?
the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis, Lactic acid limits exercise
What is an example of high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?
440 yard run or 100 yard swim at max intensity
Low or moderate intensity with long duration requires what type of work?
aerobic work
What process is used during aerobic exercise?
Krebs cycle-electron transport chain
How much ATP is produced for each mole of 1 glucose during Krebs cycle?
36 ATP for 1 mole of glucose
What is Krebs cycle aka?
TCA- Tricarboxylic acid cylce
What does TCA/Kreb cycle degrades acetyl CoA from?
pyruvate or fats into CO2 and H2
The H2 from the Krebs cycle gets transferred to where for what purpose?
sent to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation and regeneration of ATP
Low or moderate intensity, long duration aerobic work has what speed and peak power?
slow speed and low peak power
How big is aerobic exercise’s fuel?
large reservoir of fuel as adipose tissue
What are the two main types of muscle fibers?
Type I and Type II
What is Type I muscle fiber?
slow twitch oxidative for endurance
What is Type II muscle fiber?
fast twitch glycolytic for explosive
What energy system is used for Immediate, Short term, and long term?
Immediate: Phosphagen
Short term: Glycolytic
Long term: Aerobic
How much mole of ATP/min for immediate, short, and long term?
immediate: 4 ATP/min
short term: 2.5 ATP/min
long term: 1 ATP/min
How long does it take to fatigue for immediate, short, and long term exercise?
immediate: 5-10 sec
short term: 1-1.6 minutes
long term: unlimited
How long does Anaerobic ATP-CP take?
10 seconds or less
How long does glycolysis take?
a few minutes
How long do all aerobic cycles such as Krebs and Electron Transport chain take?
2 minutes or more
What are pros for Metabolism of carbs?
can support high-intensity exercise because glycolysis can oncur without oxygen
What are some cons for Metabolism of carbs?
lactate buildup occurs, and carb stores are very limited in the body relative to adipose tissue
What are pros for metabolism of fat?
ATP yields are very large for fatty acids versus glucose
and fat is very dense energy source
What are cons for metabolism of fat?
requires oxygen and the process is not as quick as glycolysis
