Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the stages in the lifetime of a drug?
Drug synthesis -> Development of formulated medicine -> Production of formulated medicine -> Administration of medicine -> Drug in body -> Drug removed from body
What is pharmacokinetics? What is pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug
Pharmacodynamics is the study of what a drug does to the body.
What factors influence drug absorption?
Drug absorption is influenced by the physiology at the site of administration and the membranes a drug must cross.
What is required for an oral dosage form to be effective?
The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) must have sufficient water solubility for proper absorption.
Why are solubility and bioavailability important?
They are critical for a drug to be therapeutically effective at the target site.
How does nicotine work in the body?
Nicotine acts as an agonist for (nicotinic-cholinergic )receptors, leading to the release of dopamine and serotonin, which affect pleasure, mood, and pain relief.
What are the key stages in tablet manufacturing?
Drug discovery, formulation, manufacturing, and quality control.
Why is accurate weighing important in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
It ensures accurate and consistent ingredient measurements, maintains product quality, and avoids errors.
Why is blending or mixing important in tablet manufacturing?
To ensure even distribution of the API, consistent appearance, and controlled release of the API at the target site.
What are excipients and how are they classified?
Inactive ingredients added to tablets. They are classified as those aiding manufacturing (e.g., fillers, binders) and those enhancing physical characteristics (e.g., colors, flavors).
What is milling, and why is it important in pharmaceuticals?
Milling is a mechanical process to reduce the particle size of solids. It increases surface area, enhances therapeutic efficiency, improves texture and taste, and facilitates uniform mixing.
What is freeze-drying, and when is it used?
A drying method for heat-labile products, where the product is frozen and ice is sublimated under reduced pressure. It is widely used for biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines.
