Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is enculturation?
process of first-culture learning
What is acculturation
process of cultural change when you interact with people from another culture (second-culture learning)
Why is it important to study acculuration?
nowadays, there is even more migrations and changing cultural contents
there are multiple instances of temporary migrations
world is getting more multicultural
knowing more about acculuration may enable creating better policies, de-escalating conflict
What is migration? Who are migrants?
movement of person/group either across international border or within a state
migrants are: economic, sojourners (temporary residents), refugees, asylum seekers, displaced people
what are push factors in migration?
factors driving people away
- lack of opportunity
- poverty
- shortage of food
- armed conflict - war, genocide
- discrimination/persecution
- natural disasters
- bad education
- unemployment
what are pull factors in migration?
encourage people to move
- job opportunities
- higher wages
- quality of education
- safety
- freedom
- reunion with family/friends
- adventure
What is a difference between ethnocultural groups and indigenous people?
ethnocultural groups = such as French people born in Canada = their ancestors came to foreign country, but people themselves didn’t fully integrate
indigenous people = not the ones who migrated = but those who forcibly came into contact with colonizers
what is a difference between refugees and asylum seekers?
both of them migrated involuntarily
however, refugees are permanent migrants, wheread asylum seekers are temporary migrants
What are difficulties in studying acculturation?
1) many reasons for migrating (which are very different from each other)
2) many different experiences - depending on personality and host culture
3) different focus in psychological vs sociological reasearch
4) disagreement about directionality of the process of acculturation
unidimensional model
the more you lose your prior culture, the more you gain the new one
not really valid
bidimensional models
account for relationship with heritage + mainstream culture as conceptually independent cultural orientations
Berry’s acculturation model
1) assimilation = losing old culture for new culture
2) integration = both engaged in prior and new culture
3) marginilization = not engaging with either culture
4) separation = sticking to old culture, not wanting to do anything with new culture
what acculturation strategy is associated with worst mental health?
marginalization
however, remember that the opposite may be true -> people with worse mental health may be more likely to experience marginzalization
acculturation outcomes across time
- 0-6 years → more marginalized, not feeling that great
- 6-12 years → more people become integrated
- 12 - 18 years → most people were integrated
- it takes some time to acquire knowledge and habits in new culture
- most people pursue integration strategy
what is best strategy of acculturation?
integration → higher psychological and sociocultural adaptation
acculturative stress
psychological impact of process of cultural adaptation
- undesirable “side effects” of acculturation - language issues, perceived cultural incompatibilities, cultural self-consciousness
acculurative stress as proxy
outcome
What are the factors causing people to feel stressed?
acculturative stress as explanation
accularative stress causes people to have worst mental health
biculturalism
identifying with 2 or more cultures
sometimes problematic bc it is difficult to integrate two cultures
How to deal with bicultural identity?
1) blending = mixing both identities, halfway in
2) frame-switching => use cultural repertoire depending on the situation
BII = bicultural identity integration
independent components!
BII harmony (vs conflict) → feelings and attitudes towards cultures
BII blendedness (vs compartmentalization) → organization and structure of cultural orientations
high BII = more positive outcomes
what is a difference between blending and blededness?
in blending you sort of go halfway (mixing the two identities)
in blededness both identities can co-exist with each other
culture bound symptoms
cultures differ in extent to which mental illnesses are prevalent and in the extent to which certain symptoms are part of mental illnesses
such running in amok, bulimia
schizophrenia
across the world (probably due to genetical factors)
however, environmental factors trigger the one’s disposition
differences in subtypes prevalances
paranoid version = UK
catatonic version = India
why schizophrenia has better prognosis in non-industrialized societies?
- more collectivistic society - more social support
- less blamed for their disease
- result of spirits (not their fault)
depression
large differences in prevalances
higher in Western cultures -> psychologization of symptoms
in China there is more somatization of the disease
social anxiety disorder
lower prevalence in East Asia
may be due to the fact that in East Asia it is so prevalent, that it is not considered a disease
TKS = phobia of defending others -> Japan specific
Western therapist
- need to solve contradiction
- appreciation of assertiveness
- appreciation of self-efficacy
- emotion expression
- low context communication
- self-enhancement motivation
what happens if therapist and client come from different cultures?
- higher and premature drop-out rates in cross-cultural counseling
- counselor rated as less effective
- less satisfaction
- culturally adapted psychotherapy 4x more effective than general approach
