Lecture 3

Question 1

What is enculturation?

Answer 1

process of first-culture learning

Question 2

What is acculturation

Answer 2

process of cultural change when you interact with people from another culture (second-culture learning)

Question 3

Why is it important to study acculuration?

Answer 3

nowadays, there is even more migrations and changing cultural contents

there are multiple instances of temporary migrations

world is getting more multicultural

knowing more about acculuration may enable creating better policies, de-escalating conflict

Question 4

What is migration? Who are migrants?

Answer 4

movement of person/group either across international border or within a state

migrants are: economic, sojourners (temporary residents), refugees, asylum seekers, displaced people

Question 5

what are push factors in migration?

Answer 5

factors driving people away

• lack of opportunity
• poverty
• shortage of food
• armed conflict - war, genocide
• discrimination/persecution
• natural disasters
• bad education
• unemployment

Question 6

what are pull factors in migration?

Answer 6

encourage people to move

• • job opportunities
  • higher wages
  • quality of education
  • safety
  • freedom
  • reunion with family/friends
  • adventure

Question 7

What is a difference between ethnocultural groups and indigenous people?

Answer 7

ethnocultural groups = such as French people born in Canada = their ancestors came to foreign country, but people themselves didn’t fully integrate

indigenous people = not the ones who migrated = but those who forcibly came into contact with colonizers

Question 8

what is a difference between refugees and asylum seekers?

Answer 8

both of them migrated involuntarily

however, refugees are permanent migrants, wheread asylum seekers are temporary migrants

Question 9

What are difficulties in studying acculturation?

Answer 9

1) many reasons for migrating (which are very different from each other)

2) many different experiences - depending on personality and host culture

3) different focus in psychological vs sociological reasearch

4) disagreement about directionality of the process of acculturation

Question 10

unidimensional model

Answer 10

the more you lose your prior culture, the more you gain the new one

not really valid

Question 11

bidimensional models

Answer 11

account for relationship with heritage + mainstream culture as conceptually independent cultural orientations

Question 12

Berry’s acculturation model

Answer 12

1) assimilation = losing old culture for new culture

2) integration = both engaged in prior and new culture

3) marginilization = not engaging with either culture

4) separation = sticking to old culture, not wanting to do anything with new culture

Question 13

what acculturation strategy is associated with worst mental health?

Answer 13

marginalization

however, remember that the opposite may be true -> people with worse mental health may be more likely to experience marginzalization

Question 14

acculturation outcomes across time

Answer 14

• 0-6 years → more marginalized, not feeling that great
• 6-12 years → more people become integrated
• 12 - 18 years → most people were integrated
• it takes some time to acquire knowledge and habits in new culture
• most people pursue integration strategy

Question 15

what is best strategy of acculturation?

Answer 15

integration → higher psychological and sociocultural adaptation

Question 16

acculturative stress

Answer 16

psychological impact of process of cultural adaptation

• undesirable “side effects” of acculturation - language issues, perceived cultural incompatibilities, cultural self-consciousness

Question 17

acculurative stress as proxy

Answer 17

outcome

What are the factors causing people to feel stressed?

Question 18

acculturative stress as explanation

Answer 18

accularative stress causes people to have worst mental health

Question 19

biculturalism

Answer 19

identifying with 2 or more cultures

sometimes problematic bc it is difficult to integrate two cultures

Question 20

How to deal with bicultural identity?

Answer 20

1) blending = mixing both identities, halfway in
2) frame-switching => use cultural repertoire depending on the situation

Question 21

BII = bicultural identity integration

Answer 21

independent components!
BII harmony (vs conflict) → feelings and attitudes towards cultures

BII blendedness (vs compartmentalization) → organization and structure of cultural orientations

high BII = more positive outcomes

Question 22

what is a difference between blending and blededness?

Answer 22

in blending you sort of go halfway (mixing the two identities)

in blededness both identities can co-exist with each other

Question 23

culture bound symptoms

Answer 23

cultures differ in extent to which mental illnesses are prevalent and in the extent to which certain symptoms are part of mental illnesses

such running in amok, bulimia

Question 24

schizophrenia

Answer 24

across the world (probably due to genetical factors)
however, environmental factors trigger the one’s disposition

differences in subtypes prevalances

paranoid version = UK
catatonic version = India

Question 25

why schizophrenia has better prognosis in non-industrialized societies?

Answer 25

• more collectivistic society - more social support
• less blamed for their disease
• result of spirits (not their fault)

Question 26

depression

Answer 26

large differences in prevalances

higher in Western cultures -> psychologization of symptoms

in China there is more somatization of the disease

Question 27

social anxiety disorder

Answer 27

lower prevalence in East Asia

may be due to the fact that in East Asia it is so prevalent, that it is not considered a disease

TKS = phobia of defending others -> Japan specific

Question 28

Western therapist

Answer 28

• need to solve contradiction
• appreciation of assertiveness
• appreciation of self-efficacy
• emotion expression
• low context communication
• self-enhancement motivation

Question 29

what happens if therapist and client come from different cultures?

Answer 29

• higher and premature drop-out rates in cross-cultural counseling
• counselor rated as less effective
• less satisfaction
• culturally adapted psychotherapy 4x more effective than general approach