Lecture 3

Question 1

biological model

Answer 1

mental illness is just like any physical disease, it has an organic cause
classification for mental illness is the same as physical disease
treatments in physical forms will cure the problem

Question 2

identifiable biological causes

Answer 2

scientific method based on medicine - psychiatry
explains things in terms of brain abnormalities
biochemical imbalances - hormones or neurotransmitters
congenital risk factors

Question 3

advantages of the biological model

Answer 3

lead to more humane treatment
development of the classification system
a sicuetific approach to study abnormal behaviour
technological advances such as CT, MRI and PET scans

Question 4

MRI scans

Answer 4

measure brain activity by detecting brain flow to areas of the brain.
detects changes in the oxygen levels, more oxygen = more blood flow to that area, therefore a more active area

Question 5

PET scans

Answer 5

uses a radioactive substance known as a tracer to look for disease or damage in the brain. it shows how the brain and its tissues are working

Question 6

fMRI scans

Answer 6

measures the changes in flow when a person is performing a task

Question 7

CT scans

Answer 7

uses x-ray beams to produce a series of images of the brain from different angles

Question 8

issues with the biological model

Answer 8

cannot explain all psychopathologies
abnormal behaviour cannot always be organised into discrete categories
medication has side effects and a tendency to over treat mild disorders
mental health legalisation can be abused to limit the freedom of people with psychological problems
issues of stigma
doesn’t take into account individual differences
reductionists

Question 9

psychodynamic model

Answer 9

due to the unconscious influences of the mind
behaviour is the result of conflicts between the id, ego and superego

Question 10

ID

Answer 10

present at birth
the pleasure principle
immediate satisfaction
reliefs tension
unconsciously driven
instinctual drives

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

develops in the first months
reality orientated
planning and decision making
mediates between immediate gratification and what can be achieved in reality

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

develops throughout childhood
moral conscience
polices the conflict between id and ego

Question 13

defence mechanisms

Answer 13

repression, regression, projection, fixation, denial, displacement, sublimation, rationalisation, reaction formation

Question 14

psychosexual stages of development

Answer 14

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
too much or too little gratification a each stage can cause conflict
each stage has conflict as the id tries to be satisfied

Question 15

advantages of the psychodynamic model

Answer 15

a framework for understanding abnormal behaviour
a talking cure for mental health
importance of relationships
discovery and role of unconscious mechanisms

Question 16

limitations of the psychodynamic model

Answer 16

untestable hypothesis
little evidence for effectiveness
no longer part of mainstream clinical practice
psychoanalysis is too long and too expensive

Question 17

behavioural model

Answer 17

behaviour is not the symptom but the problem

Question 18

classical conditioning - pavlov

Answer 18

stimulus and réponse - association
unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response
neutral stimulus + UCS –> UNR
conditioned response –> conditioned response

Question 19

operant conditioning - skinner

Answer 19

Positive reinforcement - reward a behaviour to encourage more of that behaviour
Negative reinforcement - reward to stop behaviour
Punishment - punishment behaviour to prevent a behaviour from happening
Extinction - decreasing behaviour by removing positive reinforcer when behaviour occurs

Question 20

Learning theory only explains anxiety disorders

Answer 20

Phobias are rational fears that required through conditioning
Any neutral stimulators capable of being transformed through conditioning into a phobic stimulus
Phobic behaviour represents a conditioned avoidance reaction

This is led to the development of a number of useful behavioural treatment such as systematic desensitisation, behavioural therapy, behavioural modification

Question 21

cognitive model

Answer 21

It is the meaning of events more than the event themselves that trigger a behaviour
The same different emotional responses in different
Distorted thinking or negative influence behaviours

Question 22

Distorted thinking leads to disorders

Answer 22

Cognition shapes are behaviour and emotions
Cognitive distortions or errors in thinking
for example, depressed people may have an overly negative view of the world, leading to exaggerating the significance of a negative event and therefore lead to maladaptive behaviour and emotional problems

Question 23

Diathesis stress model

Answer 23

Diathesis - vulnerability or predisposition to develop a certain disorder
Stress - anything that exposes vulnerable predisposition is a stressor

Question 24

Interaction model

Answer 24

Exposure to a stress trigger disorder in a person with vulnerability
A person can be protected from stresses that are likely to trigger a condition