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Marine Invertebrates > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

Porifera

1
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

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2
Q

Four classes

A

1.) Hexactinellida
2.) Demospongiae
3.) Homoscleromorpha
4.) Calcarea

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3
Q

What are Porifera?

A
  • Multicellular animals
  • Asymmetrical bodies
  • Superficially radial sometimes
  • Lacks true metazoan organs
  • No clear anterior-posterior polarity (in adults)
  • Effectively sessile (adults)
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4
Q

True metazoan organs

A

Guts. nerves, muscles

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5
Q

The aquifers system is useful for…

A
  • Feeding
  • Respiration
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Communication
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6
Q

Pinacoderm

A

Outermost layer of body cells of organisms of the phylum Porifera
- pores on the outer pinacoderm allows water to move inside to the atrium

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7
Q

Atrium

A

heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber for pumping blood away from the heart

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8
Q

Ostia

A

Small openings in the body of an organism; in a sponge, all the pores are Ostia
- Ostia are surrounded by a single cell (porocyte)

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9
Q

Porocyte

A

Tuple-like cells which line the ostia of sponges

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10
Q

Osculum

A

A large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled

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11
Q

Choanocytes

A
  • Beat flagella to create inward current
  • Line the inner layer of the sponge
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12
Q

Choanoderm

A

The inner layer of the sponge

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13
Q

Mesohyl

A

(Mesoglea); a gelatinous matrix that is filled in the space between the external pinacoderm and internal chaonoderm
- The mobile mesohyl separates the outer pinacodem and the inner choanoderm

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14
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny finger-like projections found on the surface of certain cells
- Capture particulate food

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15
Q

Phagocytose

A

Process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf particles

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16
Q

Pinocytose

A

Ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

17
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Nutrient processing and absorption that occurs inside of cells within structures known as lysosomes

18
Q

Can Porifera perform any form of extracellular digestion?

A

No, they cannot.
Nutrients can be passed to cells in the mesohyl for distribution

19
Q

How are most wastes excreted?

A

By simple diffusion along water currents

20
Q

Particulate waste accumulates in mucous-moved against currents
(Process of sneezing)

A

1.) Mucous leaves ostia (against flow of aquiferous system)
2.) mucous travels along the mucous highway to junction
3.) mucous forms a larger strand
4.) Sponge contracts, releasing the mucous strand to the environment; may be useful for removing detritus, bacteria and attracting mucous eaters

21
Q

Myocytes

A

The smallest subunit of all muscular tissues and organs throughout the body

22
Q

Skeletal secreting cells

A

1.) Collencytes - collagen
2.) Lophocytes - collagen
3.) Spongocytes - spongin
4.) Sclerocytes - spicules

23
Q

Spicules

A

Structural support and distinguishing features

24
Q

Totipotent archaeocyte cells

A

Important to the functioning of the sponge. Totipotent meaning these cells cam change into all other types of sponge cells

25
Q

Demospongiae (core features)

A
  • 90% of all all species
  • SiO2 spicules
  • Has spongin (unique form of collagen)
  • Leuconoid bodies exclusively
26
Q

Homoscleramorpha (core features)

A
  • Small uniform SiO2 spicules
  • Some species lack spicules
  • Reliant on collagen support
  • Basement membrane
  • Leuconoid or sylleibid bodies
27
Q

Calcarea (core features)

A
  • CaCO3 spicules
  • Asconoid, synconoid, leuconoid, solenoid bodies
28
Q

Hexactinellida (core features)

A
  • Unique spicules and trabecular syncytium
  • Dermal membrane (not living pinacoderm)
  • Large and fused lattices of SiO2 spicules (less collagen than usual)
29
Q

Carnivorous sponges (type)

A

Demospongiae, cladorhizidae

30
Q

Carnivorous sponges (facts)

A
  • Lost more/all the aquiferous system
  • No longer capable of filter-feeding
  • Modified ‘hook’ like spicules on tentacles trap small prey
  • Specialized feeding cells engulf and digest prey
  • Can also eat their symbionts
31
Q

Glyconectins

A

Cell adhesion and recognition molecules

32
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • A piece of the parent breaks off and develops into an independent offspring
  • Occurs in all sponges
  • Occurs during storms/damage
  • Used by farmers
33
Q

Budding

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Outgrowth of a part of the organism separates and forms into an individual organism
  • Reproduction bodies (marine); archaeocyte mass protected by simple pinacoderm layer
  • Gemmules (fresh water); simpler archaeocyte mass but highly protected by spongin and spicules, food reserves from nurse cells (trophocytes)
34
Q

Nurse cells

A

Highly polyploid; they dump their cytoplasm containing RNAs and proteins into the oocyte via ring canals

35
Q

Trophocytes

A

Nutritive cell of the ovary or testes

36
Q

Symbiosis

A

Bacteria, archaea, algae, protists and even metazoa

37
Q

Venus’ flower basket

A
  • Young shrimp are protected
  • Shrimp clean the sponge
  • Become trapped, breed, die
38
Q

Benefits of symbionts (and Porifera)

A
  • Chemical warfare to boring enemies
  • Control symbiont populations through chemical release
  • Useful to compete for space and avoid predation and for pharmaceuticals
    • Cytarabine (leukemia/lymphoma)
    • Remdesivir (COVID-19, antiviral)
  • Some photosynthesising symbionts help degrade calcareous structures
  • Useful to help bore into structures, especially to compete with corals

Marine Invertebrates (17 decks)

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