lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are associated with many differences in humans>

A

polymorphisms

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2
Q

reported child temperament traits related to low persistence and high sociability are associated with:

A

higher risk of substance abuse

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3
Q

what traits do adults with substance abuse have?

A

low conscientiousness and high extraversion

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4
Q

delay of gratification:

A

ability to wait for a later reward instead of taking an immediate smaller reward

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5
Q

what does delay of gratification require?

A

self regulation

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6
Q

higher levels of self regulation are associated with:

A

emotion regulation and behavior

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7
Q

substance use risk profile scale:

A

developed to identify 4 personality dimensions associated with risk for substance abuse

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8
Q

the 4 personality dimensions in substance use risk profile scale:

A
  1. hopelessness/introversion
  2. anxiety sensitivity
  3. impulsivity
  4. sensation seeking
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9
Q

The strongest and most reliable indicator of substance abuse is a

A

consistent early pattern of antisocial behavior

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10
Q

genetic influences were decreased in adolescent twins that smoked when the:

A

parental monitoring increased

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11
Q

there is a greater risk of addiction associated with the variant of a gene responsible for the number of:

A

D2 receptors

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12
Q

what factors insulate against the development of an addiction?

A

family and community factors

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13
Q

what 3 things seems to have a stronger effect than protective alcohol-metabolizing and dopaminergic transporter genes?

A

childhood adversity, stressful life events, and lower levels of education

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14
Q

passive gene-environment correlation

A

occurs when child inherits the genes AND are exposed to the environment their parents provide

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15
Q

passive gene-environment
Correlation example

A

Pass down the genetic
vulnerability, parents with SUD have deficits in parenting, exposure to SUD in home

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16
Q

active gene-environment correlation

A

child selects environments based on genetically influenced traits (NICHE PICKING)

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17
Q

active gene-environment correlation example

A

Children with a genetic propensity to engage in
sensation-seeking behaviors are more likely to affiliate with peers who use illicit drugs, increasing their risk for a SUD.

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18
Q

evocative gene-environment correlation

A

a person indirectly shaped their environment because of a genetic predisposition

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19
Q

evocative gene environment correlation example

A

A child with behavioral problems may evoke poor parenting interactions, leading to promoting the risk for psychopathology, including addiction

20
Q

opiates:

A

chemical compounds that are extracted from natural plant matter such as morphine or codeine

21
Q

opioids:

A

chemical compounds that are not derived from natural plant matter, synthesized in lab

22
Q

examples of semisynthetics

A

heroine, hydrocodone, oxycodone

23
Q

what are semisynthetics?

A

chemically modified opiates

24
Q

synthetic drugs:

A

fentanyl, methadone, demerol

25
Drug Schedules
drugs are classified into 5 distinct categories or schedules depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the drug’s abuse or dependency potential
26
schedule 1:
no currently accepted medical use and high potential for abuse
27
schedule 2:
high potential for abuse, dangerous and may lead to severe dependence
28
schedule 3:
moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
29
schedule 4:
Low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence
30
schedule 5:
Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and contains limited quantities of certain narcotics.
31
schedule 1 drugs:
Heroin * LSD * Cannabis
32
schedule 2 drugs
* Hydrocodone * Cocaine * Methamphetamine * Oxycodone (OxyContin), * Fentanyl, * Adderall
33
schedule 3 drugs:
* (Tylenol with codeine), * Ketamine
34
schedule 4 drugs:
Xanax * Soma, * Valium * Ativan
35
schedule 5 drugs:
Cough medication with less than 200 milligrams of codeine
36
why its easy to have loss of control over opioids:
opioids taken in large amounts, persistent desire to take it, great deal of time is spent in obtaining opioids
37
total number of nonfatal overdose increased of decreased?
increased
38
Toal number of common heart related diagnoses increased or decreased?
decreased
39
total emergency department visits increased or decreased?
decreased
40
iatrogenic addiction to opioids:
induced in a patient by the treatment
41
back then, what were the drivers of opioid abuse?
physicians disregarded issues, they were readily accessible allowing population to be overexposed, doctors were advertising morphine injections
42
does heroine have a lower or higher risk of overdose compared to morphine?
lower
43
Harrison act in 1915:
you had to purchase a tax bill to register and get started on opioids
44
second wave epidemic after WW2 affected:
inner city minorities, black market
45
third epidemic had the most:
overdose deaths than any other time in history
46
drivers for this third epidemic:
prescriptions for opioids increased, over prescribing, was reframed as safe, claimed low addiction rate, framed as compassionate care for pain patients