lecture 3

Question 1

skin function (3)

Answer 1

1. protection
2. thermoregulation
   (water exchange)
3. sensation

Question 2

Structure of skin cells (3)

Answer 2

Epidermis
Dermis
Subdermal adipose tissue (hypodermis)

Question 3

3 components of the epidermis

Answer 3

basal cells
keratinocytes/squames
melanocytes

Question 4

nails and hair are derived from –

Answer 4

protein keratin, same protein found in skin

Question 5

basal cells are

Answer 5

labile cells: constantly regenerating!!!

Question 6

In the basal cell layer, keratinocytes arise, they slowly…

Answer 6

work their way up to the surface of our skin over a few weeks, cells gradually dehydrate and flatten
–> now they are squames cells!!!
They are kind of waterproof

Question 7

Hyperhydrosis

Answer 7

=excess sweat

-Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
-leads to chafing, irritation, blisters, calluses

Question 8

Blisters

Answer 8

-don’t open or pop it
-keep area dry

Question 9

Calluses or corns

Answer 9

Shear or pressure on an area, skin thickens

Question 10

Ingrown nail

Answer 10

Nail grows into nail bed, can open up skin, prone to infection

Question 11

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Answer 11

Caused by warmth, darkness, moisture, contamination

“tinea”

Question 12

Tinea corporis

Answer 12

= on body (ringworm)

Question 13

Tinea capitis

Answer 13

= scalp (rash and alopecia)

Question 14

Tinea cruris

Answer 14

=groin

Question 15

Tinea pedis

Answer 15

=feet

Question 16

Tinea ungulum

Answer 16

= nails and nail beds

Question 17

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Answer 17

Caused by direct and indirect contact

3 different categories:
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Bacillus

Treated with oral or topical antibiotics

Question 18

Pes cavus

Answer 18

high arch

Question 19

Pes planus

Answer 19

flat foot

Question 20

Ground reaction forces (graph)

Answer 20

Heel strike= dramatic increase in force
Midstance= medial arch is collapsing; force is decreased because we are absorbing the force

When we are running, we are impacting the ground much more than when we are walking

Sprinter: bigger “spike in forces”
Distance runner: more stable ground rxn forces

Question 21

Keystone bones=

Answer 21

support for arches of foot

Question 22

2 main ligaments in the foot act like staple supports:

Answer 22

1. Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
2. Long plantar ligament
   (they hold adjacent ligaments in our foot together)

Question 23

Windlass mechanism:

Answer 23

• Looks at movement of the medial longitudinal arch and how it is essential for BOTH shock absorption/dissipation of forces through the foot and stiff for propulsion
• Dosiflexed, tension through the plantar fascia (PF), arch is tight “locked”, medial arch is high, bones of the foot are locked in a lever, tension to be able to push off!

Question 24

Contusion= bone bruise

Answer 24

bone bruise

Question 25

Lis franc sprain is a

Answer 25

stretch of the bones between cuboid, cuneiform and metatarsals

Question 26

Turf toe=

Answer 26

stretching of ligament at first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint

Question 27

common bones fractured in the foot and their injury mechanism

Answer 27

metatarsals, phalanges= crush injury

metatarsals, calcaneus= overuse injury (stress fracture)