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injury scenario Flashcards

1
Q

valgus

A

decreased lateral joint angle (knock-kneed)

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2
Q

varus

A

increased lateral joint angle (bow-legged)

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3
Q

strain

A

stretching or tearing of a tendon or muscle

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4
Q

acute 1st degree treatment

A

POLICE
2-3 days decreased activity

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5
Q

sprain

A

stretching or tearing of a ligament

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6
Q

acute 2nd degree treatment

A

POLICE
2-3 weeks decreased activity

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7
Q

3rd degree

A

POLICE
2-3 months decreased activity
surgery often required

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8
Q

Ankle- observation

A

swelling
position of ankle

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9
Q

ankle fracture test- fibular fractures

A

squeeze test
tap test

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10
Q

ankle ligament stress tests

A

-anterior posterior drawer test
-posterior drawer test
-anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) slight plantar flexion
-calncaneofubular ligament (CFL) neutral
- deltoid ligament (anterior fibres slight PF and Ev. Middle fibres neutral and Ev.)
-AITFL: WB dorsiflexion
ext rot test
squeeze test

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11
Q

Ankle palpation

A

-ATFL
-CFL
-PTFL
-deltoid ligament
-anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

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12
Q

What are the 2 possible ankle injuries?

A

inversion sprain
eversion sprain

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13
Q

Ankle inversion sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: roll ankle plantar surface of foot facing medial, ankle in PF position, more common than eversion

Ax: pain and laxity w ATFL, CFL, PTFL, anterior drawer pos, posterior drawer pos, restricted ROM (esp PF and INV), weak restricted eversion

Tx: Deal w suspected fracture first, POLICE, ligament frictions, ROM, strengthening, balance/proprioception, running progression, sports specific exercise, gradual RTP

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14
Q

Eversion sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Roll ankle, plantar surface of foot facing lateral, usually with ankle in neutral
position

AX: Pain and laxity with one or both Deltoid ligament tests, positive Anterior drawer test, restricted ROM especially into EV., weak resisted INV.

TX: Deal with suspected fracture first, POLICE, ligament frictions, ROM, strengthening, balance/proprioception, running progression, sport specific exercise, gradual RTP

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15
Q

Ankle tape jobs

A

ankle inversion sprain
ankle eversion sprain

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16
Q

Foot observations (4)

A

-foot posture
(pes cavus vs. pes planus)
-footwear
-1/3 squat test (arch suppport)
-twist test (arch support)

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17
Q

Foot AROM/PROM (6)

A

PF
DF
INV
EVER
Toe flexion
Toe extension

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18
Q

Foot length testing

A

gastocnemius
soleus
flexor hallucis longus

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19
Q

Foot palpation

A

medial calcaneal tubercle
general calcaneus
plantar fascia
dorsal pedal pulse

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20
Q

What are the 2 possible foot injuries?

A

plantar fasciitis (chronic grad onset)

fat pad syndrome (chronic grad onset)

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21
Q

Plantar fasciitis
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: gradual onset, progressive heel pain, nontraumatic, unilateral, pain worse in morning

Ax: Either pes cavus or planus, loss of control of arch through arch support testing on injured side, possible tightness in Gastroc, Soleus and FHL, pain over Medial Calcaneal Tubercle, occasionally pain into entire plantar fascia

Tx: POLICE, correct biomechanics, foot strengthening, night splint, tape jobs

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22
Q

Fat pad syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: gradual onset

Ax: pain in general calcaneus, often more pain w weight-bearing DF

Tx: rest, heel cup, supportive footwear, fat pad tape job, address biomechanics

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23
Q

2 ankle tape jobs

A

Low dye arch
Fat pad

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24
Q

Posterior lower leg assessment

A

gait pattern
foot biomechanics

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25
Q

Posterior lower leg
AROM/PROM

A

plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
inversion
eversion

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26
Q

Posterior lower leg: strength testing

A

plantar flexion
- gastrocs
- soleus
dorsiflexion
inversion
eversion

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27
Q

posterior lower leg: 1 special test

A

thompson’s test

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28
Q

posterior lower leg palpation

A
  1. achilles tendon
  2. muscle belly
    - gastrocs
    -soleus
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29
Q

What are the 3 possible posterior lower leg injuries?

A

achilles tendon rupture (acute)

achilles tendinopathy (chronics)

calf strain (acute)

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30
Q

achilles tendon rupture
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: push off acute injury with feeling of being kicked in the heel or hit in the calf

Ax: NO active PF, NO movement w thompson’s test, excessive DF, can’t do single leg PF, swelling/bruising

Tx: POLICE, hospital, surgial/non-surgical repair

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31
Q

Achilles tendinopathy

A

Hx: chronic gradual onset, over training, biomechanical issues, achilles pain worse in morning

Ax: Pain w active PF, no weakness, mild pain w passive DF, tenderness on palpation 2-6cm above calcaneous

Tx: biomechanical correction of feet, assess footwear, eccentric loading program!!!!!, tape

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32
Q

Calf strain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: acute injury, can occur either in gastroc or soleus musculotendinous junction, mid belly or high on medial/lateral heads of gastroc, result of forceful push, feels like being hit in the calf

Ax: TOP over injury site, pain and weakness w active PF, possible pain w passive DF, possible swelling

Tx: POLICE, heel lifts to unload calf, NO stretching for first 1-2 weeks depending on severity
isometric –> concentric –> eccentric exercise,
taping

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33
Q

Anterior lower leg observation

A

gait

lower extremity biomech: tibial torsion

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34
Q

Anterior lower leg AROM/PROM, strength testing

A

PF/DF
INV/EVER
Toe flex/Ext

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35
Q

Anterior lower leg special tests (2)

A
  1. gastroc soleus length test
  2. tuning fork
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36
Q

Anterior lower leg palpation (3)

A
  1. dorsal pedal pulse
  2. anterior compartment
  3. tibia
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37
Q

What are the 3 possible anterior lower leg injuries?

A

acute anterior compartment syndrome (acute)

chronic anterior compartment syndrome (chronic)

medial tibial stress syndrome (chronic)

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38
Q

Acute anterior compartment syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

Hx: impact from external force, object or other player, numbness in foot, pain and
tightness in front of leg, loss of sensation 1st inter-webbed space, progressively
worsening symptoms, not relieved with rest

AX: decreased dorsal pedal pulse, TOP and tightness with palpation anterior
compartment, weakness DF, no improvement in symptoms with rest

TX: Medical EMERGENCY, send to ER

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39
Q

Chronic anterior compartment syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic, comes on every time athlete exercises lower extremity, numbness,
possible weakness (drop foot), feeling of tightness in anterior leg

AX: Weakness with resisted DF, decreased dorsal pedal pulse, tightness and pain with palpation anterior compartment, improves almost immediately with rest

TX: POLIE (no C!), Biomechanical corrections, assess footwear, stretch tight structures, compartmental pressure testing requested by DR; also might request XRAY to rule out stress fracture

40
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic, overuse, court sports, TOP over distal 1/3 tibia, pain increases with
exercise and lingers post activity

AX: Poor biomechanics, footwear?, possible weakness with resisted inversion, pain
along medial aspect of tibia usually 2-3cm sore spot

TX: correct biomechanics, assess footwear, ice cups, alternative workouts (decreased pounding), strengthening exercises (Tib post, balance exercises, towel scrunches), low
dye tape job to correct foot biomechanics

41
Q

Knee: observation

A

gait

42
Q

Knee: squat assessment

A

depth
quality

43
Q

Knee AROM/PROM

A

KF/KE

44
Q

Knee strength testing (2)

A

KF (hamstrings)
KE (quads)

45
Q

Knee: 6 ligament stress tests

A
  1. posterior sag
  2. posterior drawer
  3. lachman’s test
  4. anterior drawer
  5. valgus stress test
    - in full ext (deep fibers)
    - at 30 deg flexion (superficial fibers)
  6. varus stress test
    - in full ext
    - at 30 deg flexion
46
Q

Knee: 6 special tests

A
  1. Intracapsular swelling tests
    - patellar compression
    - swipe test
  2. McMurray’s test for meniscus
  3. Apley’s compression test for meniscus
  4. Lateral patellar glide for apprehension
  5. Patellar grind test
  6. VMO contraction
47
Q

Knee: 6 places to palpate

A
  1. medial joint line (medial meniscus)
  2. Lateral joint line (Lateral Meniscus)
  3. MCL
  4. LCL
  5. Medial Retinaculum
  6. Underside of Patella
48
Q

What are the 7 possible knee injuries?

A

ACL sprain

PCL sprain

MCL prain

LCL sprain

Meniscus tear

Patellar dislocation/subluxation

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (chonic)

49
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Impact by another player from the lateral side, folded back over other player with a
twisting motion, athlete will report a “pop”. Might also be a non-contact ACL where
athlete goes to cut and knee buckles into valgus and hears a “pop”, sometimes reports
pain, sometimes reports no pain, always reports instability.

AX: Laxity, or laxity and pain with anterior drawer and Lachman, positive swipe test,
positive patellar compression test for swelling, restricted KF/KE

TX: POLICE, thorough medical exam, strengthening specific to hamstrings, bracing, possible surgery if ACL ruptured

50
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Impact with dashboard in car accident, falling on another athlete, tibia translating
posteriorly on femur, fixed rotation, direct impact, may report “pop”

AX: Positive posterior sag, laxity with posterior drawer test, positive intracapsular
swelling tests, possible limitation into KF/KE

TX: Same as ACL, NO surgery, strengthen quadriceps

51
Q

Medial collateral ligament sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Lateral impact from side, athlete might report a “pop”, valgus force applied to knee

AX: Generalized swelling in observation, laxity with either one of or both Valgus stress
tests, limited ROM KF/KE, TOP over MCL

TX: Avoid valgus forces during daily activities, restore ROM, DTFM, brace, surgery very rare

52
Q

Lateral collateral ligament sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Impact from medial side, athlete might report a “pop”, varus force applied, often from a fall, not a very common injury

AX: Generalized swelling, laxity with either one of or both Varus stress tests, limited ROM KF/KE, TOP over LCL

TX: Same as MCL, avoid varus stress

53
Q

Meniscus tears
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Usually planted foot with a rotary force, athlete twists with foot planted, clicking, popping, locking, knee can feel unstable

AX: positive Apley’s and McMurray’s tests, IR stresses lateral meniscus, ER stresses medial meniscus, positive intra-capsular swelling tests, TOP along either medial or lateral joint line depending on which meniscus is damaged

TX: POLICE, AROM, open-chain strengthening exercises, possible surgery

54
Q

Patellar dislocation/subluxation
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX:
Dislocation – kneecap completely comes out of groove
Subluxation – patellae slipped out of groove, came out partly.
Patellae dislocates almost exclusively laterally, can be from impact, or non-contact, generally valgus orientation, extremely painful

AX: Limited ROM KF/KE, weakness KE, swelling, positive lateral apprehension test, TOP over medial retinaculum

TX: If dislocated immobilize and treat like a fracture, don’t move athlete, call 911. If occurred in past, start to strengthen quadriceps, use a brace, restore squat pattern

55
Q

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic injury, repetitive KF/KE, common in running and running sports, pain behind knee cap, pain worse when sitting with knee bent or when exercising, has been getting progressively worse

AX: poor squat pattern, generally VMO contraction test positive (inhibited), positive patellofemoral grind test, TOP to dorsal patellae

TX: Rest, ice, biomechanical correction, squat pattern education, patellar taping or strap, stretch and strengthen quads, hip flexors, hip abductors

56
Q

Hip: observation

A

squat assessment

57
Q

Hip: AROM/PROM
(hip and knee)

A

Knee AROM/PROM
a. KF/KE

Hip AROM/PROM
a. Hip Flexion (HF)
b. Hip Extension (HEXT)
c. Hip ABDuction (HABD)
d. Hip ADDuction (HADD)
e. Hip Internal Rotation (HIR)
f. Hip External Rotation (HER)

58
Q

Hip: strength
(knee and hip)

A

Knee Strength
a. KE/KF

Hip Strength
a. HF
b. HEXT
c. HABD
d. HADD
e. HIR
f. HER

59
Q

Hip: 5 special tests

A

Ober’s Test: ITB tension

Noble’s compression test: ITB friction

Straight leg raise: hamstring length

Quadriceps length test

Measure circumference of quadriceps

60
Q

Hip: 3 places to palpate

A

-Over quadriceps muscles
-Over hamstring muscles
-Over iliotibial band/lateral femoral epicondyle

61
Q

What are the 4 possible hip injuries?

A

Iliotibial band friction syndrome (chronic gradual)

Hamstring strain (acute)

Quadriceps strain (acute)

Quadriceps contusion (acute)

62
Q

Iliotibial band friction syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Gradual onset, increasing symptoms with activity, pain is on lateral side of knee,
pain worse with going down stairs, change in training habits

AX: Positive Ober’s length test, positive Noble’s compression test, potentially weak hip abductors, poor squat mechanics, TOP over ITB (sometimes)

TX:POLIE (No C!), Correct biomechanics, hip strengthening if weak, can provide stretches for tight structures, rolling on ITB

63
Q

Hamstring strain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Acute injury, specific incident, generally quick acceleration, might report poor warm-up, most often injured in deceleration phase of sprint, athlete reports a sharp pain in back of leg

AX: Weak and painful KF, decreased length on straight leg raise on injured side, TOP to hamstring muscles

TX: POLICE, stretch after 2 weeks, restore movement, start with very easy hamstring strengthening, progress to dynamic hamstring length, incorporate eccentric
strengthening

64
Q

Quadriceps Strain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Acute injury, specific incident, landing from a jump, or acceleration, athlete reports
a sharp pain in front of leg

AX: Weak and painful KE, limited and painful quadriceps length test, depending on
which quadriceps is injured might also have pain with hip flexion (if rectus femoris is
involved), TOP over quadriceps

TX: POLICE, quadriceps strengthening, quadriceps stretching after 2 weeks

65
Q

Quadriceps contusion
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Acute injury, another player or object impacted into leg, loss in ROM, quadriceps
feeling very swollen

AX: Strong but painful KE, limited quadriceps stretch test, visible bruising or swelling, increased quadriceps circumference compared to uninjured side, tender over area where was impacted

TX: Remove from activity, immediately ice while quadriceps stretched to comfort, apply
gentle compression, NO HEAT, NO DEEP TISSUE MASSAGE

66
Q

Shoulder: 2 observations

A
  1. shoulder posture
    - supporting shoulder
    -step deformity
    -elevated shoulder
    -protracted shoulder
  2. scapulohumeral rhythm
67
Q

Shoulder: AROM/PROM, strength

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
ext rotation
int rotation

68
Q

Shoulder: 12 special tests

A
  1. Apley’s scratch test
  2. Wall pushup
  3. Hawkin’s Kennedy Impingement test
  4. Neer’s impingement
  5. Empty can test
  6. Speeds test
  7. Yergason’s test
  8. Cross arm test
  9. Depression of acromion
  10. Apprehension test
  11. Sulcus sign
  12. Anterior –> posterior glide
69
Q

Shoulder: 2 places to palpate

A
  • Palpation of Supraspinatus Tendon
  • Palpation of Biceps Tendon
70
Q

Shoulder Impingement syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic activity, overuse of shoulder, generally overhead activities (throwing,
swimming), can involve a number of structures (most common Supraspinatus tendon,
or bursa), pain with certain movements of arm, worse with activity

AX: Painful arc (motion in ABD from 90-120°), Pain with apley’s scratch test, possible
winging with Wall push-up, positive Hawkin’s Kennedy test for pain, pain with Neer’s
impingement test, Positive Empty Can test for pain, TOP to Supraspinatus

TX: Correct shoulder biomechanics, closed chain scapular control, improve
scapulohumeral rhythm, avoid overhead activities, rotator cuff strengthening (no
overhead rotation), sport specific mechanics

71
Q

Bicipital tendinopathy
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Overuse, chronic, overhead activities, common in throwing sports, pain when raises
arm forwards

AX: Pain with active flexion above 90°, pain with Speed’s test and Yergason’s test, pain
on palpation to Biceps tendon, might see scapulohumeral dysfunction, might see
weakness with wall push-up

TX: Treat biomechanics, modify aggravating activities

72
Q

Shoulder Sprain/Separation (Acromioclavicular Joint Sprain)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Traumatic, acute injury, fall on point of shoulder, hit by another player, fall on
arm/hand at side of body, common in contact sports

AX: Limited ROM in all directions with pain, limited strength in all directions with pain,
pain with cross arm test, pain and laxity with acromial depression

TX: Ice, sling can help with pain, restore ROM, pendulum exercises, pad around ACJ for
return to sport, ACJ tape job, can refer to DR. for X-rays if suspect clavicular fracture

73
Q

Shoulder Subluxation/Dislocation
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Acute injury, generally trauma, athlete will report feeling of “shoulder popping out”,
shoulder might feel unstable, athlete might tell you shoulder is out, fall on outstretched
hand (FOOSH) injury

AX: posture of athlete presentation (slumped forward), if athlete tells you shoulder is
out don’t continue to assess –> hospital, limited mobility into end range all movements,
positive apprehension test, perhaps positive one of Sulcus sign, and/or
Anterior –> Posterior glide

TX:
Subluxation= POLICE, strengthening program for rotator cuff, scapular stabilization

Dislocation= Treat as a fracture, immobilize in position of presentation, seek
immediate medical attention, ICE, keep athlete comfortable, if out of sling, can start
with pendulum exercises and progress as per subluxation

74
Q

Elbow: Observation

A

-Scapulohumeral rhythm
-Hand posture
-Carrying angle

75
Q

Elbow: AROM/PROM

A
  • Elbow Flexion
  • Elbow Extension
  • Wrist Flexion
  • Wrist Extension
  • Pronation
  • Supination
76
Q

Elbow: Strength testing

A
  • Elbow Flexion
  • Elbow Extension
  • Wrist Flexion
  • Wrist Extension
  • Pronation
  • Supination
  • Grip Strength
77
Q

Elbow: 2 ligament Stress test

A

Varus stress test
Valgus stress test

78
Q

Elbow: 2 special tests

A

Wrist extensor stretch test
Wrist flexor stretch test

79
Q

Elbow: 3 places to palpate

A
  • common extensor origin
  • common flexor origin
  • olecranon
80
Q

What are the 4 elbow injuries?

A

Olecranon bursitis

Lateral Epicondylagia (Tennis Elbow)

Medial Epicondylalgia (Golfer’s Elbow)

Collateral Ligament Sprain

81
Q

Olecranon bursitis
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Acute or repeated trauma, fall on point of elbow pain on point of elbow, pain with
pressure over elbow, swelling on elbow

AX: Visible swelling, TOP over olecranon, boggy feeling on palpation of olecranon

TX: POLIE (No C!), protective padding for sport, alleviate aggravating factors

82
Q

Lateral Epicondylalgia (Tennis Elbow)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic, pain with gripping, pain worse when using arm, pain over lateral
epicondyle, can also come from minor trauma, pain with certain wrist movements

AX: Pain with active wrist extension, decreased wrist flexion PROM with pain, pain with
resisted supination, decreased grip strength that elicits pain, pain with stretch test of
wrist extensors, TOP over CEO, assess scapulohumeral rhythm

TX: correct shoulder biomechanics, stretch wrist extensors, gentle strengthening
isometric to concentrically, eccentric wrist extensor program, supination strength,
compression band

83
Q

Medial Epicondylalgia (Golfer’s Elbow)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Chronic, pain with gripping, worse when using arm, pain over medial epicondyle,
pain with wrist flexion

AX: Pain and weakness with active wrist flexion, pain with gripping, worse when using
arm, pain with resisted pronation, pain with stretch of wrist flexors, TOP over CFO, assess
scapulohumeral rhythm

TX: Correct shoulder biomechanics, stretch wrist flexors, gentle strengthening
isometric to concentrically, eccentric wrist flexor program, compression band

84
Q

Collateral Ligament Sprain
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Trauma to elbow, another athlete landing on elbow, acute pain in medial or lateral
side of elbow

AX: Limited elbow flexion or extension, visible swelling, laxity and pain with either
radial or ulnar collateral ligament stress test

TX: POLICE, support elbow, restore ROM, begin strengthening, gradually increase
loading through ligament.

85
Q

The hand: 2 observations

A
  • thenar eminence
  • hand posture
86
Q

The hand: AROM/PROM

A

a. Wrist Flexion
b. Wrist Extension
c. Radial deviation
d. Ulnar deviation
e. Finger flexion
f. Finger extension
g. Thumb movements
- Extension
- Flexion
- ABDuction
- ADDuction
- Opposition

87
Q

The hand: strength tests

A

AROM/PROM plussss grip strength!!!!!

88
Q

The hand: 3 ligament stress tests

A

a. Ulnar collateral ligament of thumb –> Valgus stress at 0° and 30° of MCP jt
flexion
b. Radial collateral ligament of thumb
c. Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments of interphalangeal (IP) joints

89
Q

The hand: 5 special tests

A

a. Phalen’s Test – Carpal tunnel
b. Tinel’s Tap Test – Carpal tunnel
c. Derkan’s Test – Carpal tunnel
c. Scaphoid compression test
d. Pinch Test – Ulnar collateral ligament

90
Q

The hand: 4 places to palpate

A

a. Anatomical snuff box
b. Ulnar collateral ligament of thumb
c. Radial collateral ligament of thumb
d. Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments of interphalangeal (IP) joints

91
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Can be acute or chronic/repetitive trauma, pain or numbness/tingling in median
nerve distribution, might report hand feeling clumsy, worse with direct pressure or
when using hand

AX: Possible atrophy of thenar eminence, decreased grip strength, positive Phalen’s
test, positive Tinel’s tap test, positive Derkan’s test

TX: Rest, ice, brace to maintain neutral wrist (no compression!), very gentle ROM and
strength exercises, correct any loading issues, correct upper body extremity mechanics

92
Q

Scaphoid Fractures
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH), need to be cautious as is frequently
confused for a wrist sprain, lots of pain in wrist on radial side, pain with movement

AX: Decreased ROM in all directions, especially painful into radial deviation, weakness
with thumb movements, positive scaphoid compression test, positive pain with palpation of anatomical snuff box

TX: Send for medical attention with DR and Xray, immobilize, ice, once out of cast or
possible surgery start to restore ROM

93
Q

Thumb Hyperextension (Skier’s Thumb)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Fall on hand with thumb being forced backwards, trying to tackle another player
and thumb getting jammed back or stuck in jersey, common with sports involving a ball
and catching

AX: Swelling visible around MCP joint of thumb, limited AROM/PROM into extension and ABD, positive pinch test, laxity and pain with ulnar collateral ligament stress test of 1st MCP, possible damage to radial collateral ligament depending on direction of fall

TX: POLICE, ROM and strengthening, (Thumb extension, abduction, with and without
resistance), tape job, splint

94
Q

Collateral Ligament Sprain of the Fingers (Jammed Finger)
Hx, Ax, Tx

A

HX: Common in ball sports, player will report jamming end of finger, might also be a
valgus or varus force, finger is generally quite swollen, there is limited mobility

AX: Visible swelling around injured finger, limited AROM/PROM into Flex/Ext, pain and
laxity with either UCL or RCL of injured finger and joint

TX: Ice bucket, splint finger, self massage, gentle ROM, gentle strengthening, DTFM to
injured ligament, buddy tape for return to sport

95
Q

achilles tendinopathy what type of program?

A

eccentric loading program

241 (13 decks)

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