Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 main guidelines for the ethical conduct of research?
- Respect for persons (autonomy/informed consent)
- Concern for welfare (benefiance/risks and benefits)
- Justice (P selection)
Informed consent
- Inform in advance all aspects of the research that may influence the decision of participating
- Ensure autonomy of all participants (abiliti to make one’s own decision about participation)
- Protect minors, cognitively impaired, disabled; decision to participate is free from coercion
Concern for welfare
- Benefits of participation: education, new skills, treatment, material benefits, betterment of society
- Consequences of not doing research
- Risks of participation (physical harm, psychological/emotional harm, social risk)
- Confidentiality
Justice
Treat people fairly and equitably by distributing benefits and burdens of participating in research
- Inclusion or exclusion of specific groups must be scientifically justifiable
- A group that is studied must receive the benefits from the study
- Can’t have one group bear all the burden
What is a chromosome and how many does a human being have?
Condensed structure composed of DNA wrapped around histones (46: 23 pairs - one from mom and one from dad)
Allele
One of two or more alternative versions from a gene
Homozygous
Alleles of a gene in a specific pair are the same
Heterozygous
Alleles of a gene in a specific pair are different
Dominant and recessive
Dominant: attributes of the dominant allele is the one that is expressed in heterozygote
Recessive: attributes of the recessive are masked in a heterozygote
Genotype
Genetic makeup (EE; Ee; ee)
Phenotype
Way in which person’s genotype is manifested in observable characteristics
What is the difference between monogenic and polygenic inheritance?
Monogenic inheritance: trait/characteristic is determined by one pair of genes
Polygenic inheritance: a trait/characteristic is determined by the combination of more the one pair of genes
Heritability
Extent to which genes contribute to differences in a trait among individuals
- Proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance
- Ranges from 0 (genes do not contribute at all to phenotypic individual differences) to 1 (genes are the only reason for individual differences)
Environmentability
Proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to environmental variance
What are the 5 misconceptions of heritability?
- Heritability applies to.a single individual rather than differences among individuals
- Heritability tells us whether a trait can be changed by environmental factors (environmental changes can impact everyone in the population, changing the trait, but not heritability)
- Heritability is a fixed number
- The effects of genes are really the same for everybody across the whole population
- Heritability implied destiny, and that high heritability for a behavioural or developmental problem, implies that the only hopw would be to alter genes
Reaction range
Extent to which genes set limits to how much a trait can change in a new environment
What is the phenotypic effect?
Determined by the interaction between the environment and the organism’s genetic makeup + genetic differences may only be apparent in specific environments
What is epigenetics?
Heritable changes in phenotype or gene expression in the absence of changes of DNA, often in response to environment
- Gives the genome a certain flexibility that extends beyond the relatively fixed DNA
