Lecture 3

Question 1

Core aim of Sesame street

Answer 1

Foster the school-readiness skills of
preschool children

Question 2

Reason for acceleration in (educational) media use in early childhood?

Answer 2

Increased marketing efforts directed toward the youngest age group (diaper demographic)

Question 3

Most common goals for educational media (3x)

Answer 3

Academic skills
Social-emotional learning
Creativity

Question 4

Social cognitive theory (Bandura)

Answer 4

Predicts that children are more likely to learn from a model in the media if they are able to identify with the model or if they perceive the model to be similar to themselves

Question 5

The Capacity Model (Fisch)

Question 6

The Capacity Model (Fisch)

Answer 6

Children’s working memory is limited, cognitive demands of the embedded educational content should not be more than the available working memory space.

Question 7

Forms of content (Capacity Model) 2x

Answer 7

1. Narrative
2. Embedded educational content

Question 8

Tangential (capacity model)

Answer 8

educational content and the narrative compete (parallel) for children’s limited resources in working memory –> possibly impaired learning

Question 9

Integral (capacity model)

Answer 9

comprehension of the educational content is expected to improve

Question 10

General learning model (Buckley & Anderson)

Answer 10

effects of prosocial video games

Question 11

Features of games that make them great teachers (general learning model) 5x

Answer 11

1. Games easily attract attention
2. Highly motivating
3. Allow people to actively participate instead of passively watch
4. Show all steps necessary to perform a specific behavior
5. Allow repetitive practicing

Question 12

Key argument General Learning Model

Answer 12

prosocial media, in which the characters (or players in games) help one another, can increase both short- and long-term prosocial behavior

Question 13

How General Learning Model increase both short- and long-term prosocial behavior? (2x)

Answer 13

Cognitive route
Emotional route

Question 14

Can children learn academic skills from educational media?

Answer 14

Yes, but depends on 3 C’s

Question 15

How to neutralize/reduce video deficit? (2x)

Answer 15

1. Repeated viewing
2. child being familiar with a character

Question 16

Scaffolding/parental mediation?

Answer 16

adult provides additional information to the child in order to help with learning. Aids in deconstructing video deficit.

Question 17

zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)

Answer 17

The space between what children can achieve alone and what they can achieve with support of a competent other

Question 18

Prosocial behavior

Answer 18

positive interactions such as friendly play or peaceful conflict resolutions, altruism and stereotype reduction

Question 19

self-regulatory skills

Answer 19

ability to resist impulses and temptations that keep them from achieving their long-term goals. Children under 18 months are incapable of it

Question 20

stimulation hypothesis (Valkenburg & Calvert)

Answer 20

well-designed educational media can enrich the store of ideas from which children can draw when engaged in imaginative play or creative tasks

Question 21

For younger children, comprehension is enhanced when:

Answer 21

simple, prototypical story line

educational content is explicitly modeled (that is, every step is clearly demonstrated)

Advance organizers are used

Question 22

For older children, a developmentally appropriate story line:

Answer 22

Violates some of the rules of the prototypical story (ex. flashbacks)

a balance of explicit and implicit modeling of the embedded
educational lessons

Question 23

Program characteristics that enhance children’s learning from media (2x):

Answer 23

1. Appropriate degree of content complexity
2. Repetition of the educational lesson
3. Ability to participate
4. Entertainment

Question 24

Types of repetition (2x)

Answer 24

1. Repetition within the program
2. Repeated exposure to program

Question 25

Critical audience characteristics are: (2x)

Answer 25

1. Children’s development capabilities
2. Children’s understanding of story schema

Question 26

Lessons from EMC for Younger children (3X):

Answer 26

1. Academic
2. Social-emotional
3. Creativity

Question 27

Lessons from EMC for tweens and teens

Answer 27

1. Prosocial
2. Social-emotional

Question 28

How can EMC play an incredibly powerful role in supporting the development of youth?

Answer 28

Capitalizing on the power of narrative entertainment

Question 29

the cognitive model of device difficulty (Strommen)

Answer 29

1. The degree to which movement of the device for cursor control parallels the movements used in human pointing
2. The number of “rules-of-use” of the device

Question 30

Easiest device for young children?

Answer 30

Touch screen

Question 31

how to improve children’s efficiency and accuracy with the Mouse?

Answer 31

Increase target size

Question 32

Interfaces that have particularly child-appropriate attributes? (3x)

Answer 32

1. Tangible interfaces
2. Touch screens
3. Whole body movement

Question 32

Interfaces that have particularly child-appropriate attributes? (3x)

Answer 32

1. Tangible interfaces
2. Touch screens
3. Whole body movement

Question 33

embodied cognition

Answer 33

idea that thinking and learning are heavily influenced by the physical form and movement of the human body

Question 34

The use of full-body physical movement in game play has also been linked to (3x)

Answer 34

1. Increased engagement
2. Social interaction
3. Motor development

Question 35

How is scaffolding incorporated into games? (2x)

Answer 35

1. Leveling: increasing difficulty, less scaffolding each level
2. Hints/clues

Question 36

Children’s view on intelligence? (2X)

Answer 36

1. fixed quantity of smartness
2. Incremental and subject to growth

Question 37

Praise for one’s effort and progress is more likely to encourage:

Answer 37

growth mindset

Question 38

Praise for task performance or ability is more likely to encourage

Answer 38

Fixed mindset

Question 39

Specific aspects of the digital media that are most likely to affect learning outcomes:

Answer 39

capture and maintain child’s attentional and emotional engagement

Question 40

parasocial

Answer 40

One-sided

Question 41

Playing certain types of cognitively demanding video games can produce enhancements to skills? : (3x)

Answer 41

1. Perceptual
2. Motor
3. Cognitive

Question 42

Virtual doppelganger

Answer 42

t looks like the user, but a computer algorithm controls it, users can see themselves from a third-person point of view