Lecture 2A: Nutrient Uptake: Nutrients needed by the Cell Flashcards
Where do cells obtain organic carbon?
breakdown of polymeric substances (catabolism) or from the direct uptake of their monomeric constituents.
Synthesizing monomeric molecules
Anabolism
Carbon source
Carbon dioxide
Energy source
Light through the process of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Some microbes are ________ and can synthesize their own organic compounds from carbon dioxide (CO2).
Autotrophs
Bulk of nitrogen available in nature is as _______, _______, or _______ ____.
Ammonia (NH3), Nitrate (NO3-) or nitrogen gas (N2)
Humans or animals cannot use the nitrogen in air. We are dependent on the ability of _____ ________ organisms to fix the nitrogen and convert it to be assimilable.
Nitrogen-fixing
Virtually all microorganism can use ____ as nitrogen source and many can also use NO3
NH3 or Ammonia
Primarily micronutrient because of role in cellular respiration
iron (Fe)
In some aerobic respirers, they use iron in _______ ______ ____.
electron transport chain
Iron is very important in bacteria, especially in bacteria that we call __________.
Siderophores
In siderophores, iron is important to maintain __________.
Cytochromes
Serves as enzyme co-factors
Trace metals
Serves as co-enzymes
Vitamins
Typically organic rather than metallic, such as vitamins, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines
Growth factors
Trace Elements
- Boron (B)
- Cobalt
- Copper
- Iron
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Nickel
- Selenium
- Tungsten
- Vanadium
- Zinc
Autoinducer for quorum sensing in bacteria; also found in some polyketide antibiotics
Boron (B)
Vitamin B12; transcarboxylase (only in propionic acid bacteria).
Cobalt (Co)
In respiration. cytochrome c oxidase; in photosynthesis, plastocyanin, some superoxide dismutases
Copper (Cu)
Cytochromes; catalases; peroxidases; iron-sulfur proteins; oxygenases; all nitrogenases
Iron (Fe)
activator of many enzymes; component of certain superoxide dismutases and of the water-splitting enzyme in oxygenic phototrophs (photosystem II)
Manganese (Mn)
Certain flavin-containing enzymes; some nitrogenases, nitrate reductases, sulfide oxydases, DMSO-TMAO reductases; some formate dehydrogenases
Molybdenum (Mo)
Most hydrogenases; coenzyme F430 of methanogens; carbon monoxide dehydrogenase; urease
Nickel (Ni)
Formate dehydrogenase; some hydrogenases; the amino acid selenocysteine
Selenium (Se)
Some formate dehydrogenases; oxotransferases of hyperthermophiles
Tungsten (W)
Vanadium nitrogenase; bromoperoxidase
Vanadium (V)
Carbonic anhydrase; nucleic acid polymerases; many DNA-binding proteins
Zinc (Zn)
Growth factors
- PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)
- Folic acid
- Biotin
- B12 (cobalamin)
- B1 (Thiamine)
- B6 (Pyroxidal)
- Nicotinic acid (Niacin)
- Riboflavin
- Pantothenic acid
- Lipoic acid
- Vitamin K
- Coenzymes M and B
- F420 and F430
Precursor of folic acid
PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)
One-carbon metabolism; methyl transfers
Folic acid
fatty acid biosynthesis; some CO2 fixation reactions
Biotin
One-carbon metabolism; synthesis of deoxyribose
B12 (Cobalamin)
Decarboxylation reactions
B1 (Thiamine)
amino acid/keto acid transformations
B6 (Pyroxidal)
Precursor of NAD+
Nicotinic acid (Niacin)
Precursor of FMN, FAD
Riboflavin
Precursor of coenzyme A
Pantothenic acid
Decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate
Lipoic acid
electron transport
Vitamin K
Methanogenesis
- Coenzymes M and B
- F420 and F430
