Lecture 1C: Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Eukaryotic Cell Structures Flashcards
universal and
a hallmark of the
eukaryotic cell
Membrane-enclosed nucleus
What does eukaryotic cell
membranes contain that lend structural strength to the
eukaryotic cell
sterols
What does nucleus contains
chromosomes of the
eukaryotic cell.
DNA within the nucleus
is wound around what
histones
enclosed
by a pair of membranes,
each with its own
function, separated by a
space.
nucleus
Which membrane of nucleus interacts with nucleoplasm
Inner membrane
Which membrane of nucleus interacts with cytoplasm
Outer membrane
- Found within nucleus
- site of
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
synthesis
nucleolus
-Normal form of nuclear
division in eukaryotic
cells
- results in 2 diploid
daughter cells
Mitosis (somatic cells)
Specialized form
of nuclear
division
- Results in 4
haploid gametes
Meiosis (sex cells)
3 Organelles that
specialize in energy
metabolism in
eukaryotes
Mitochondria,
Hydrogenosomes,
and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria,
Hydrogenosomes,
and Chloroplasts: have
evolutionary roots within
the ____ and provide
ATP to the eukaryotic
cell from either the
oxidation of organic
compounds or from light
Bacteria
Where does respiration occurs
in anaerobic Eukaryotic cells
Mitochondrion
What do you call the folded internal
membranes of mitochondria
Cristae
Cristae is formed by what
invagination of
the inner membrane
What does cristae contains?
enzymes
needed for respiration
and ATP production.
What do you call the innermost
compartment of the
mitochondrion
matrix
What does matrix contain
enzymes for the
oxidation of organic
compounds, in particular,
enzymes of the citric acid
cycle
the major pathway for the
combustion of organic
compounds to CO2
citric acid
cycle
Some eukaryotic
microorganisms are
killed by what
O2
Found in anaerobic, strict fermenters
Hydrogenosomes
Examples of microbial eukaryotes that contain hydrogenosomes
human parasite Trichomonas and
various protists that inhabit the rumen of ruminant anima
hydrogenosomes is similar in size
to mitochondria but it lacks what
citric acid cycle enzymes and cristae
Major function/biochemical reaction in the
hydrogenosome
oxidation of pyruvate to H2, producing methane (CH4), acetate is secreted
chlorophyll-containing organelles of phototrophic microbial eukaryotes such as the algae and function to
carry out photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
They are relatively large and readily visible with the light microscope
Chloroplast
What sorrounds the innermost membrane of chloroplast
stroma
What does stroma contains
enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO)
RubisCO is the key enzyme of what
Calvin cycle
What is Calvin cycle?
series of biosynthetic reactions by which phototrophs convert CO2 to organic compounds
flattened membrane
discs containing
chlorophyll and ATP
synthetic components.
thylakoids
Major function of thylakoid
form a
proton motive force that
results in ATP synthesis
What is endosymbiotic hypothesis
Endosymbiotic hypothesis:
mitochondria and chloroplasts
were descendants of
respiratory and phototrophic
bacterial cells, respectively. By
associating with nonphototrophic
eukaryal hosts, the latter gained
a new form of energy
metabolism while the symbiotic
bacterial cells received a stable
and supportive growth
environment inside the host.
became an
intimate part of the eukaryotic
cell.
free-living symbionts
Evidence of endosymbiotic hypothesis
mitochondria, hydro-
genosomes, and chloroplasts
contain their own genomes and
ribosomes.
network of
membranes continuous
with the nuclear
membrane.
ER
Smooth ER participates
in the synthesis of what
synthesis of lipids
and in some aspects of
carbohydrate metabolism
contains
attached ribosomes
through the activity of its
ribosomes
Rough ER
rough ER is a major producer of what
- glycoproteins
- also produces
new membrane
material that is
transported
throughout the
cell to enlarge the
various
membrane
systems before
cell division.
Arise from preexisting golgi bodies and function in concert with ER
Stack of membrane bound sacs called Cisternae
Golgi complex is involved in what ?
chemical modification of products of ER and sorting into those destined for secretion versus those that will function in other membranous structures in the cell
Many of the modifications made in the Golgi complex are what
glycosylations (addition of sugar residues)
What does glycosylations convert
convert the proteins into glycoproteins that can then be targeted to specific locations in the cell.
Membrane enclosed compartment that contains digestive enzyme s that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides
Lysosomes
What does lysosome contain
digestive enzyme s that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides
Where does lysosome fuse
with food that enters the cell in vacuoles
What would happen when lysosomes fuses with food that enters the cell in vacuoles
Releases digestive enzymes that breakdown foods for biosynthesis and energy generation.
hollow tubes about 25
nm in diameter.
microtubules
What does microtubules contain
α-tubulin and β-tubulin.
Function of microtubules
- maintaining
cell shape and cell
motility by cilia and
flagella - moving
chromosomes during
mitosis, and - in
movement
of organelles within the
cell.
smaller than
microtubules, about 7 nm
in diameter
Microfilaments
Microfiolaments are polymers of what
two
intertwined strands of the
protein actin.
Function of microfilaments
maintaining or
changing cell shape, in
cell motility by cells that
move by amoeboid
movement, and during
cell division.
fibrous keratin
proteins that form
into fibers 8–12
nm in diameter
Intermediate filaments
Function of intermediate filaments
maintaining
cell shape and
positioning organelles in
the cell.
