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MCB101 - Microbial Physiology > Lecture 1A: Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Prokaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 1A: Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Prokaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbial physiology?

A
  • Study of how microbial cell structures, growth, and metabolism work in microorganism.
  • Study of microbial cell functions which includes the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism, microbial cell structure .
  • Structure-function relationships in microorganisms, especially how microbes respond to their environment.
  • Foundational to advanced or applied fields such as metabolic engineering and functional genomics
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure

A
  1. Cell morphology
  2. The small world
  3. The Cell Membrane and Wall
    - 3A: cytoplasmic membrane
    - 3B: Bacterial Cell Walls: Peptodoglycan
  4. Cell Surface structures and inclusions
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3
Q

What are the 6 cell morphology?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Rod
  3. Spirillum
  4. Spirochete
  5. Budding and appendaged
  6. Filamentous
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4
Q

typically DOES NOT predict physiology, ecology, phylogeny or other properties of prokaryotic cell.

A

Morphology

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5
Q

Morphology typically DOES NOT predict ____, _____, ______ or other properties of prokaryotic cell.

A

physiology, ecology, phylogeny

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6
Q

may be ____ ___ involved in setting the morphology

A

selective forces

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7
Q

3 example of selective forces involved in setting the morphology

A
  1. optimization fornutrient uptake
  2. swimming motility in viscous environments or near surfaces
  3. gliding motility
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8
Q

What is the size range for prokaryotes

A

0.2 um to >700 um in diameter

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9
Q

What are the two microorganism that are exception the rule of the size range for prokaryotes

A
  1. Epulopiscium fishelsoni
  2. Thiomargarita namibiensis
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10
Q

Width and length of most cultured rod-shaped bacteria

A

between 0.5 and 4.0 µm wide and <15 µm long.

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11
Q

What is the size range for eukaryotic cells

A

0.2 to >600 um in diameter

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12
Q

On the average, what is the limit of resolution of human eye?

A

0.1 um

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13
Q

It is necessary for growth rates and evolution

A

Surface-to-volume ratios

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14
Q

Surface-to-volume ratios is necessary for what?

A

Growth rates and evolution

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15
Q

ADVANTAGES TO BEING SMALL:

A
  1. More surface area relative to cell volume than large cells
  2. Support greater nutrient and waste product exchange per unit cell volume
  3. Tend to grow faster than large cells
  4. Mutation leads to faster evolution
  5. Prokaryotic cell has faster adaptive state
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16
Q

More surface area means more what

A

Cell membrane

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17
Q

Why having more cell membrane is advantageous

A

Much faster nutrient uptake

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18
Q

Why high volume with small surface area is disadvantageous

A

Cells cannot cope because of the lower rate of nutrient uptake resulting in slower uptake of nutrients than the metabolism.

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19
Q

What will happen if the metabolism is too fast?

A

cell cannot cope since cell membrane is not enough to take up and transport nutrients needed by the cell

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20
Q

High volume = high ____ requirement

A

Energy

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21
Q

Lower limits of cell size

A
  1. Cellular organisms <0.15 µm in diameter are unlikely
  2. Need volume to house proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes, and so on
  3. Open oceans tend to contain small cells (0.2 - 0.4) known as “ultramicrobacteria”
  4. Genomes are highly streamlined, missing functions that must be supplied by other microbea or hosts (plants and animals)
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22
Q

What do you call the small cells ( 0.2-0.4 um) found in open oceans

A

ultramicrobacteria

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23
Q

parasite that depends completely on the host for its habitat, nourishment, reproduction, and survival

A

Obligate parasites

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24
Q

In what habitat do cells typically appears smaller in size than those of comparable higher nutrient habitats

A
  • in low-nutrient habitat (oligotrophic) in marine plankton
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25
Q

T or F: microbial cells in terrestrial is larger than in marine waters due to the rich environment (soil)

A

True

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26
Q

there may be loose relationship between cells ____ and ambient ___ concentration

A

Size ; nutrient

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27
Q

It has greater surface

A

Smaller cells

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28
Q

postulated to be adaptive for low nutrient environments however small cell size does not necessarily imply adaptation to oligotrophic lifestyle

A

Smaller cells

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29
Q

Example of microorganism where there is a relationship between minimum size and environment

A
  1. new verrucomicrobiales
  2. Nanobacteria
    3.symbiotic and parasitic bacteria
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30
Q

new verrucomicrobiales isolates grow well and maintain small cell size under what condition?

A

relatively high nutrient growth condition

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31
Q

isolates grow well and maintain small cell size under relatively high nutrient growth condition

A

new verrucomicrobiales

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32
Q

Nanobacteria dwell (and are cultivated) in a what kind of environment

A

Relatively nutrient-rich environment

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33
Q

dwell (and are cultivated) in a relatively nutrient-rich environment, yet maintain their small cell dimensions.

A

nanobacteria

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34
Q

are known that have reduced physiological capacities and reduction(?) sizes

A

symbiotic and parasitic bacteria

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35
Q

*Surrounds cytoplasm
*Separates it from environment
*Main function: selective permeability (nutrients transported in and waste products out)

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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36
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by what

A

cytoplasm

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37
Q

what is the main function of cytoplasmic membrane

A

selective
permeability (nutrients transported
in and waste products out)

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38
Q

What is the general structure of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins.

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39
Q

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane contains what

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components

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40
Q

Hydrophobic component of cytoplasmic membrane is composed of what

A

Long chain fatty acids

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41
Q

Hydrophilic component of cytoplasmic membrane is composed of what

A

glycerophosphate portion with functional group

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42
Q

What is the linkage in phospholipids of bacteria

A

Ester linkages

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43
Q
  • Thinner than cell wall
  • 8-10 nm
A

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

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44
Q
  • mostly extremophile
A

Archaea

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45
Q

Some species of bacteria is strengthened by what

A

hopanoids (sterol-like molecules)

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46
Q

important sterol component of cell and mitochondrial membranes in fungi

A

ergosterol

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47
Q

Archaea has embedded proteins including:

A
  1. integral membrane proteins (significantly embedded)
  2. peripheral membrane proteins (loosely attached)
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48
Q

What linkages is in phospholipids of Archaea

A

Ether linkages

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49
Q

What linkages is in the phospholipids of bacteria and eukarya

A

Ester linkages

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50
Q

Instead of fatty acids, what is the archaeal lipids composed of?

A

Isopheres

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51
Q

What are the major lipids of archaeal membrane

A
  1. Phosphoglycerol diethers with phytanyl C20 side chains
  2. Diglycerol tetraethers with biphytanyl C40 side chains
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52
Q

The major lipids of archaeal membrane can form lipid ____

A

monolayer

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53
Q

lipid monolayer is usually observed in what type archaeal organism?

A

Thermophilic Archaea

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54
Q

Other type of archaeal membrane is found in?

A

Crenarchaeol

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55
Q
  • has multiple bonds
  • melts longer at high temperature
A

crenarchaeol

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56
Q

Give the 3 main function of cytoplasmic membrane

A
  • permeability barrier
  • protein anchor
  • energy conservation and consumption
57
Q
  • Must be transported
  • need the assistance of transport proteins
A

Polar and charged molecules

58
Q

accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient.

A

Transport proteins

59
Q
  • holds transport proteins in place
A

protein anchor

60
Q

generation of proton motive force

A

energy conservation and consumption

61
Q

In simple diffusion, the movement of solute is driven by what

A

Concentration gradient

62
Q

Principle of simple diffusion

A

Rate of solute entry increases as the external concentration of the solute also increases (assuming the membrane is permeable to solute)

63
Q

States that the rate of diffusion of a substance is directly proportional to the concentration gradient

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

64
Q

In simple diffusion, the steeper concentration gradient =?

A

the faster the rate of diffusion

65
Q

What is the principle of transporter saturated or high affinity transporter

A

there is a linear increases as the external concentration increases (as long as transport protein or the channels are not saturated)

66
Q

Example of transporter saturated (high affinity transporter)

A

Facilitated diffusion

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion move through what

A

Solutes move through membrane proteins (channels or carrier proteins)

68
Q

What will happen to rate of entry once the protein channels or carriers are saturated

A

Decreases

69
Q

Low rate of entry levels would result in what

A

plateau even with high external concentration

70
Q

Key point of Transporter saturated (high affinity transporter)

A

there is an initial increase in the rate of entry with increasing external concentration but the rate reaches at the maximum when all available transport sites are occupied

71
Q

low affinity transporter
Example

A

Active transport

72
Q

low affinity transporter
requires what

A

energy in the form of ATP

73
Q

Whhat influences the rate of solute entry in low affinity transporter?

A
  • external concentration
  • energy available
  • number of active transporters.
74
Q

At low concentrations, what happens to the active transport rate

A

Active transport rate increases as the external concentration rises

75
Q

At much high concentration, what happens to the active transport rate

A

may become limited by factors like ATP availability or transporter capacity

76
Q

T or F: Active transport doesn’t plateau immediately, it starts to slow down.

A

T

77
Q

Key point of low affinity transporter

A

external concentration affects the transport rate but energy is required and transporter may be saturated or work at maximum capacity

78
Q

Species of Bacteria separated into two groups is based on what

A

Gram stain

79
Q

T or F: Gram-positives and gram-negatives have the same cell wall structures.

A

F

80
Q

What is the structure of Gram-negative cell wall

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide
  • peptidoglycan
81
Q

serves as an outer membrane

A

LPS

82
Q

What type of carbohydrates is sticking out in outer membrane
of gram negative bacteria

A

oligosaccharides

83
Q

Structure of gram positive cell wall

A

one layer of peptidoglycan

84
Q

Structure of Peptidoglycan

A
  • rigid layer that provides strength
  • typically composed of alternatively modified glucose
  • Amino acids
84
Q

link N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) in peptidoglycan

A

B-1,4 linkages

84
Q

What are the alternatively modified glucose that the peptidoglycan of bacteria are typically composed of

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

85
Q

bacterial peptidoglycan is typically composed of 4 amino acids, namely:

A
  1. L-alanine
  2. D- alanine
  3. D- glutamic acid,
  4. either L-lysine ordiaminopimelic acid (DAP)
86
Q

Amino acid that is unique only to bacteria

A

DAP

87
Q

The amino acid is in __-form in prokaryotes and __-form in eukaryotes

A

D-form = prokaryotes
L- form = eukaryotes

88
Q

Connection from one peptidoglycan to the next peptidoglycan is called

A

interbridges or tetrapeptide bridges

89
Q
  • can destroyed the peptidoglycan
  • cuts at the beta 1,4 linkages
A

Lysozyme

90
Q

How many distinct peptidoglycans have been described

A

100+

91
Q

NAG and NAM varies in where

A

carbon number 3

92
Q

perpendicular to the peptidoglycan molecule

A

Tetrapeptide bridges

93
Q

Is a gram negative

A

Escherichia coli

94
Q

Is a gram positive

A

Staphylococcus aureus

95
Q

What does peptide bonds connect

A

M-M

96
Q

Glycosidic bonds connect what

A

M-G-M

97
Q

do not attack the tetrapeptide bonds, it attacks glycosidic bonds

A

Lysozyme

98
Q

How many % of gram positive cell wall is peptidoglycan

A

up to 90%

99
Q
  • The other 10% of gram positive cell wall
    -Acidic substance
  • generally negatively charged
A
  • teichoic acids
100
Q

What is the reason why cell wall attracts basic dyes

A

Because teichoic acids are generally negatively charged so they kind of confer a negative charge to the cell wall

101
Q

Teichoic acid bind what kind of metal ions prior to transport

A

divalent metal ions (ex: Ca+2 and Mg +2)

102
Q
  • it is when teichoic acid is covalently bound to membrane lipids
A

Lipoteichoic acid

103
Q

Example of teichoic acid in Gram positive

A

Ribitol teichoic acid

104
Q

Few example of prokaryotes lack cell walls

A
  1. mycoplasma
  2. thermoplasma
  3. have tough cytoplasmic membranes (ex: steroids or lipoglycans)
105
Q

group of pathogenic bacteria related to gram-positives

A

mycoplasma

106
Q
  • Archaea
  • No cell wall - have additional components in cell membrane to make cell membrane tougher
A

thermoplasma

107
Q

enhances the integrity of membrane

A

Lipoglycans

108
Q

____ amount of total gram negative cell wall contains peptidoglycan

A

Small amount

109
Q

Most of gram negative cell wall is composed of what

A

outer membrane or the Lipopolysaccharide layer

110
Q

acts as barrier against antibiotics and other harmful agents

A

Outer membrane

111
Q

LPS are consists of?

A
  • Core polysaccharide
  • O polysaccharide
  • Lipid A
112
Q

What replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane

A

LPS

113
Q

What makes the outer membrane different from cell membrane?

A

LPS replacing most of phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane

114
Q
  • endotoxin
  • the toxic component of LPS
  • Never released
  • Natural part of gram negative
A

lipid A

115
Q

a sugar unique to bacteria

A

KDO

116
Q
  • consist of 7 carbon sugar
  • same to all species
A

Core polysaccharides

117
Q
  • repeating units
  • its number is where gram negative species to species differs
A

O-specific polysaccharides

118
Q

space located between cytoplasmic and outer membranes

A

Periplasm

119
Q

transmembrane protein channels for entrance and exit of solutes

A

Porins

120
Q

connects the outer membrane to peptidoglycan

A

Braun lipoprotein

121
Q

T or F: All archaeal Cell Walls

A

False

122
Q

T or F: not all cell wall of Archaea is Pseudomurein

A

True

123
Q

Archaeal cell walls has no ____

A

peptidoglycan

124
Q

Archaeal Cell Walls does not have peptidoglycan but has what

A

Pseudomurein

125
Q

Pseudomurein is found in
cell walls of certain what kind of Archaea

A

methanogenic Archaea

126
Q

Pseudomurein is polysaccharide similar to what

A

Peptidoglycan

127
Q

What are Pseudomurein composed of

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N- acetyltalosaminuronic acid (NAT)

128
Q

What kind of bond do archaeal cell wall have

A

B-1,3 glycosidic bonds

129
Q

What is the amino acid of Archaeal cell wall

A

L-stereoisomer

130
Q

Cannot be destroyed by lysozyme and penicillin

A

Pseudomurein

131
Q

Pseudomurein is insensitive to what

A

lysozyme and penicillin

132
Q
  • most common cell wall type of Archaea
A

S-layers

133
Q

S-layers are consist of what

A

protein or glycoprotein

134
Q

Structure of S-layers

A

paracrystalline structure

135
Q

T or F: S-layers are always outermost layer

A

True

136
Q

T or F: in many organisms, S-layers present in addition to other cell wall components, usually polysaccharides

A

T

137
Q
A

MCB101 - Microbial Physiology (2 decks)

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