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MCB101 - Microbial Physiology > Lecture 1B: Cell locomotion-Flagella > Flashcards

Lecture 1B: Cell locomotion-Flagella Flashcards

1
Q

Two structures that are involve in swimming motility.

A

Flagella and Archaella

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2
Q

-structure that assists in swimming bacteria.
-very thin structures protruding out of the cell.

A

Flagella

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3
Q

Size of the flagella

A

15-20 nm wide

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4
Q

-long, thin appendages
-tubular and very long

A

Flagella

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5
Q

Different arrangements of Flagella

A

Polar, lophotrichous, amphitrochous and peritrichous

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6
Q

increase or decrease ________ _____ and moves in clockwise rotation (either counter or clockwise)

A

rotational speed

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7
Q

The increase and decrease of rotational speed is relative to strength in _____ ______ _____.

A

proton motive force

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8
Q

Electron donor donated its electron from one electron carrier to another and basically the process is a ______ _______.

A

redox reaction

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9
Q

what does redox reaction mean?

A

when you send electrons, you’ll lose electrons.

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10
Q

As electrons are moved from one molecule to the next, _______ are also moved or released.

A

protons

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11
Q

This protons (H+) tend to move through the other side of the membrane, making a ______ _______.

A

proton gradient

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12
Q

what is proton gradient?

A

a difference in the concentration gradient in the inside and outside of the membrane.

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13
Q

More protons are now on the outside making it _________ ____ or more positive.

A

electrochemically higher

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14
Q

The gradient is the force that drives those protons back into the cell because the cell is always seeking ________.

A

homeostasis

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15
Q

Proton motive force provides the energy for the rotational movement of the swimming structures like ______ and _______.

A

Flagella and Archaella

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16
Q

Flagellar structure and activity

A
  • helical in shape
  • consists of several components
  • Filament (tubular in nature) composed of flagellin
    -Reversible rotating machine
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17
Q

Protein subunit of the flagellum

A

Flagellin

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18
Q

Protein subunit of Archaella

A

Archaellin

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19
Q

Major parts of the flagellum

A
  • Filament
  • Hook
  • Basal body
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20
Q

Components of the flagellum in a gram-negative cell

A
  • L ring
  • P ring
  • MS ring
  • C ring
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21
Q
  • attaches or stabilizes the flagellum
  • secures the flagellum on the lipid part of the outer membrane.
A

L ring

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22
Q
  • Secures the rest of the basal body (rod) even more on the periplasmic space or on the peptidoglycan
A

P ring

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23
Q
  • holds together all of the components (motor proteins)
  • On the portion of the basal body, the rod further secure these motor proteins using the two rings, MS and C ring (on the cytoplasmic side)
A

MS ring

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24
Q

Motor proteins

A
  • Mot proteins
    -fli proteins
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25
Q

secures all the components in the rotor

A

mot proteins

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26
Q

motor switch

A

fli proteins

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27
Q

Consists of mot and fli proteins and serves as the engine of the flagellum.

A

Rotor

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28
Q

stator proteins, responsible for the proton motive force

A

Motor proteins

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29
Q

Flagella synthesis

A
  • Several genes are required
  • Filament grows from tip
    MS ring is made first - necessary to secure the motor proteins
  • Other proteins and hook are made next and the filament
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30
Q

The hook with a cap

A

late hook

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31
Q

late hook is important in the ___ ______ ______

A

Hook filament junction

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32
Q

A lot of ______ ______ are involved in cell signalling and cell-structure synthesis.

A

Phosphorelay systems

33
Q

sense concentration gradients in their environment

A

chemosensing in bacteria

34
Q

Combination of Histidine Protein Kinase (HPK) and Aspartate response regulator is called?

A

Histidine Aspartate Phosphorelay systems (HAP)

35
Q

Sensing changes in osmolarity.

A

Osmolarity sensing

36
Q

How does the cell sense osmotic stress?

A

Through osmolarity sensing mechanism

37
Q

This pathway, which is describe for E.coli, is involved in regulating the expression of the two outer membrane porins (OmpF and OmpC)

A

EnvZ-OmpR system

38
Q

membrane porins that are found in the outer membrane of E.coli

A

OmpF and OmpC

39
Q

an HPK that controls the activity of the response regulator OmpR

40
Q

If the EnvZ domain is ________, it passes the phosphate to the OmpR domain.

A

Phosphorylated

41
Q

When the EnvZ passed the Phosphate, the scription makes mRNA for _____ and ______

A

OmpF and OmpC

42
Q

Porins that can actually allow the solutes to balance the inside and outside of the cell.

A

OmpF and OmpC

43
Q

ArcB and ArcA HAP system in E.coli. E.coli’s growth in the presence of oxygen is much better.

A

Oxygen sensing

44
Q

Why does E.coli’s growth in the presence of oxygen is much better?

A

Aerobic respiration yields more moles of ATP for every mole of glucose than anaerobic respiration or fermentation

45
Q
  • In membrane-bound HPK.
  • Senses changes in the redox state, all the components of the respiratory electron transport, change.
46
Q

In bacteria, where can you find the ETC complexes?

A

In the cell membrane of the bacteria where ArcB is also located.

47
Q

ArcB can sense the redox state of the cell through what?

A

PAS protein

48
Q

When PAS react to the redox state, the _______ _____ on HNGFG domain is pass to the D domain, and then to the H domain, and then to ArcA (response regulator) domain.

A

phosphoryl group

49
Q

Pagnaphosphorylate si ArcA signal yun sa kanya na ibind nila si ____ then magkaroon na ug transcription ng porins.

50
Q

regulates microaerophilic gene expression. Itranscribe niya tanang genes na involve sa ability ni E.coli na magtubo sa gamay na oxygen.

51
Q

5 domains of CheA

A

H, P2, P3, NGFG, P5

52
Q

How can CheA sense changes

A

Through transmembrane chemoreceptors

53
Q

What would happen if CheA sense changes though chemoreceptors

A

Induce transautophosphorylation

54
Q

singel domain, motor binding protein which controls flagellar motor switching

55
Q

Controls the adaptation of chemoreceptors

56
Q

Methyl-accepting chemotaxis

A

Chemoreceptors

57
Q

What is PBP?

A

Periplasmic Binding Proteins

58
Q

chemotaxis proteins

A

CheW monomer and CheA dimer

59
Q

Response regulator in chemotaxis

60
Q

One of the MCP (a dimer) is interacting with the ____.

61
Q

is a dimer and interacting with the highly conserve signalling domain of your MCP

62
Q

Where was one CheA and CheW attached?

A

to the other MCP

63
Q

A decrease in _______ (carbon source) sense changes in concentration through its chemoreceptors.

A

attractant

64
Q

What does a decrease in attractant induced?

A

Transautophosphorylation or self-phosphorylation of CheA dimer

65
Q

The transautophosphorylation of CheA will lead to the phosphorylation of the response regulator _____.

66
Q

The phosphorylated CheY will bind to the _______ _____, and will cause the motor to change _______.

A
  • flagellar motor
  • direction
67
Q

CheA will also phosphorylate another response regulator, ______ ______ _____.

A

methyl esterase (CheB)

68
Q

Phosphorylated CheB competes with _____ ______ ______.

A

methyl-transferase (CheR)

69
Q

CheR will be able to control the degree of __________ of specific glutamates present. In other words MCP gets _________.

A
  • methylation
  • methylated
70
Q

The methylation in MCP will reset the signaling state of the receptors and will allow them to adapt to the present concentration of the _________ and to sense subsequent changes.

A

attractant

71
Q

The degree of methylation of MCP rests on the concentration of _________ and _________.

A

attractants and repellants

72
Q

The dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated CheY is accelerated by the __________ called _____.

A
  • phosphatase (removes phosphates)
  • CheZ
73
Q

solube HPK chemotaxis protein with 5 domains

74
Q

controls the process of sporulation, which is the formation of spores in bacteria and fungi

A

Sporulation regulation

75
Q

sensor kinases in Bacillus subtilis that help regulate sporulation by detecting environmental conditions and activating the master regulator Spo0A

A

KinB and KinA (HPK)

76
Q

response regulator in the phosphorelay system that controls sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

77
Q

Explain the mechanisms in Sporulation regulation

A

Environmental stress (like starvation) activates sensor kinases (KinA, KinB) - >kinases undergo autophosphorylation-> sensor kinases transfer the phosphate group to Spo0F - >phosphorylated Spo0F then transfers the phosphate to Spo0B - >Spo0B finally passes the phosphate to Spo0A

MCB101 - Microbial Physiology (12 decks)

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