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MCB101 - Microbial Physiology > Lecture 1B: Cell locomotion-Flagella > Flashcards

Lecture 1B: Cell locomotion-Flagella Flashcards

1
Q

Two structures that are involve in swimming motility.

A

Flagella and Archaella

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2
Q

-structure that assists in swimming bacteria.
-very thin structures protruding out of the cell.

A

Flagella

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3
Q

Size of the flagella

A

15-20 nm wide

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4
Q

-long, thin appendages
-tubular and very long

A

Flagella

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5
Q

Different arrangements of Flagella

A

Polar, lophotrichous, amphitrochous and peritrichous

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6
Q

increase or decrease ________ _____ and moves in clockwise rotation (either counter or clockwise)

A

rotational speed

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7
Q

The increase and decrease of rotational speed is relative to strength in _____ ______ _____.

A

proton motive force

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8
Q

Electron donor donated its electron from one electron carrier to another and basically the process is a ______ _______.

A

redox reaction

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9
Q

what does redox reaction mean?

A

when you send electrons, you’ll lose electrons.

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10
Q

As electrons are moved from one molecule to the next, _______ are also moved or released.

A

protons

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11
Q

This protons (H+) tend to move through the other side of the membrane, making a ______ _______.

A

proton gradient

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12
Q

what is proton gradient?

A

a difference in the concentration gradient in the inside and outside of the membrane.

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13
Q

More protons are now on the outside making it _________ ____ or more positive.

A

electrochemically higher

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14
Q

The gradient is the force that drives those protons back into the cell because the cell is always seeking ________.

A

homeostasis

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15
Q

Proton motive force provides the energy for the rotational movement of the swimming structures like ______ and _______.

A

Flagella and Archaella

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16
Q

Flagellar structure and activity

A
  • helical in shape
  • consists of several components
  • Filament (tubular in nature) composed of flagellin
    -Reversible rotating machine
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17
Q

Protein subunit of the flagellum

A

Flagellin

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18
Q

Protein subunit of Archaella

A

Archaellin

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19
Q

Major parts of the flagellum

A
  • Filament
  • Hook
  • Basal body
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20
Q

Components of the flagellum in a gram-negative cell

A
  • L ring
  • P ring
  • MS ring
  • C ring
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21
Q
  • attaches or stabilizes the flagellum
  • secures the flagellum on the lipid part of the outer membrane.
A

L ring

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22
Q
  • Secures the rest of the basal body (rod) even more on the periplasmic space or on the peptidoglycan
A

P ring

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23
Q
  • holds together all of the components (motor proteins)
  • On the portion of the basal body, the rod further secure these motor proteins using the two rings, MS and C ring (on the cytoplasmic side)
A

MS ring

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24
Q

Motor proteins

A
  • Mot proteins
    -fli proteins
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25
secures all the components in the rotor
mot proteins
26
motor switch
fli proteins
27
Consists of mot and fli proteins and serves as the engine of the flagellum.
Rotor
28
stator proteins, responsible for the proton motive force
Motor proteins
29
Flagella synthesis
- Several genes are required - Filament grows from tip MS ring is made first - necessary to secure the motor proteins - Other proteins and hook are made next and the filament
30
The hook with a cap
late hook
31
late hook is important in the ___ ______ ______
Hook filament junction
32
A lot of ______ ______ are involved in cell signalling and cell-structure synthesis.
Phosphorelay systems
33
sense concentration gradients in their environment
chemosensing in bacteria
34
Combination of Histidine Protein Kinase (HPK) and Aspartate response regulator is called?
Histidine Aspartate Phosphorelay systems (HAP)
35
Sensing changes in osmolarity.
Osmolarity sensing
36
How does the cell sense osmotic stress?
Through osmolarity sensing mechanism
37
This pathway, which is describe for E.coli, is involved in regulating the expression of the two outer membrane porins (OmpF and OmpC)
EnvZ-OmpR system
38
membrane porins that are found in the outer membrane of E.coli
OmpF and OmpC
39
an HPK that controls the activity of the response regulator OmpR
EnvZ
40
If the EnvZ domain is ________, it passes the phosphate to the OmpR domain.
Phosphorylated
41
When the EnvZ passed the Phosphate, the scription makes mRNA for _____ and ______
OmpF and OmpC
42
Porins that can actually allow the solutes to balance the inside and outside of the cell.
OmpF and OmpC
43
ArcB and ArcA HAP system in E.coli. E.coli's growth in the presence of oxygen is much better.
Oxygen sensing
44
Why does E.coli's growth in the presence of oxygen is much better?
Aerobic respiration yields more moles of ATP for every mole of glucose than anaerobic respiration or fermentation
45
- In membrane-bound HPK. - Senses changes in the redox state, all the components of the respiratory electron transport, change.
ArcB
46
In bacteria, where can you find the ETC complexes?
In the cell membrane of the bacteria where ArcB is also located.
47
ArcB can sense the redox state of the cell through what?
PAS protein
48
When PAS react to the redox state, the _______ _____ on HNGFG domain is pass to the D domain, and then to the H domain, and then to ArcA (response regulator) domain.
phosphoryl group
49
Pagnaphosphorylate si ArcA signal yun sa kanya na ibind nila si ____ then magkaroon na ug transcription ng porins.
DNA
50
regulates microaerophilic gene expression. Itranscribe niya tanang genes na involve sa ability ni E.coli na magtubo sa gamay na oxygen.
ArcA
51
5 domains of CheA
H, P2, P3, NGFG, P5
52
How can CheA sense changes
Through transmembrane chemoreceptors
53
What would happen if CheA sense changes though chemoreceptors
Induce transautophosphorylation
54
singel domain, motor binding protein which controls flagellar motor switching
CheY
55
Controls the adaptation of chemoreceptors
CheB
56
Methyl-accepting chemotaxis
Chemoreceptors
57
What is PBP?
Periplasmic Binding Proteins
58
chemotaxis proteins
CheW monomer and CheA dimer
59
Response regulator in chemotaxis
CheY
60
One of the MCP (a dimer) is interacting with the ____.
PBP
61
is a dimer and interacting with the highly conserve signalling domain of your MCP
CheA
62
Where was one CheA and CheW attached?
to the other MCP
63
A decrease in _______ (carbon source) sense changes in concentration through its chemoreceptors.
attractant
64
What does a decrease in attractant induced?
Transautophosphorylation or self-phosphorylation of CheA dimer
65
The transautophosphorylation of CheA will lead to the phosphorylation of the response regulator _____.
CheY
66
The phosphorylated CheY will bind to the _______ _____, and will cause the motor to change _______.
- flagellar motor - direction
67
CheA will also phosphorylate another response regulator, ______ ______ _____.
methyl esterase (CheB)
68
Phosphorylated CheB competes with _____ ______ ______.
methyl-transferase (CheR)
69
CheR will be able to control the degree of __________ of specific glutamates present. In other words MCP gets _________.
- methylation - methylated
70
The methylation in MCP will reset the signaling state of the receptors and will allow them to adapt to the present concentration of the _________ and to sense subsequent changes.
attractant
71
The degree of methylation of MCP rests on the concentration of _________ and _________.
attractants and repellants
72
The dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated CheY is accelerated by the __________ called _____.
- phosphatase (removes phosphates) - CheZ
73
solube HPK chemotaxis protein with 5 domains
CheA
74
controls the process of sporulation, which is the formation of spores in bacteria and fungi
Sporulation regulation
75
sensor kinases in Bacillus subtilis that help regulate sporulation by detecting environmental conditions and activating the master regulator Spo0A
KinB and KinA (HPK)
76
response regulator in the phosphorelay system that controls sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
SpoOF
77
Explain the mechanisms in Sporulation regulation
Environmental stress (like starvation) activates sensor kinases (KinA, KinB) - >kinases undergo autophosphorylation-> sensor kinases transfer the phosphate group to Spo0F - >phosphorylated Spo0F then transfers the phosphate to Spo0B - >Spo0B finally passes the phosphate to Spo0A
78

MCB101 - Microbial Physiology (12 decks)

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