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Virology > Lecture 28 - Emerging Viruses > Flashcards

Lecture 28 - Emerging Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is an emerging virus (definition)?

A

new/recently identified virus to humans

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2
Q

What is a reemerging virus (definition)?

A

virus under control from public health perspective; making a comeback/reappearance and increasing in incidence/geographical range of exposed human populations

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3
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of emerging viruses?

A

expanded host-range w/ increase in disease | virus transmission from animals to humans | cross-species infection = can establish new virus in population

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4
Q

What are the 5 forces that drive viral emergence?

A

human population/social behavior (ie: travel) | climate/environmental changes | ecological factors | genetic/biological factors | microbial evolution/adaptation

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5
Q

What are the 4 host-virus interactions?

A

stable, evolving, dead-end, resistant

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6
Q

What is the stable host-virus interaction?

A

virus is maintained in the ecosystem

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7
Q

What is the evolving host-virus interaction?

A

passage of virus to naive population (same or different host)

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8
Q

What is the dead-end host-virus interaction?

A

one-way passage of virus to a different species

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9
Q

What is the resistant host-virus interaction?

A

viral infection is blocked

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10
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a stable host-virus interaction?

A

both participants (host and virus) survive and multiply | some interactions are effectively permanent | may include infection +1 species

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11
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of an evolving host-virus interaction?

A

hallmarks = instability an unpredictability | infection outcome ranges from benign to death

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12
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a dead-end host-virus interaction?

A

frequent outcome of cross-species infection | new infected host may not transmit virus to others of same species | contributes little to spread of a natural infection

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13
Q

What type of host-virus interaction do West Nile Viruses have?

A

stable (generally) | large mammals = dead-end hosts

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14
Q

What are 5 characteristics of West Nile Virus?

A

brain-related severe illness | neurological symptoms = 10% = severe brain damage/die | RNA, flavivirus

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15
Q

What mosquito can help spread West Nile Virus and what are its biting habits?

A

Culex | dusk to dawn

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16
Q

What are characteristics of Zika virus?

A

1st outbreak in Yap = infected 78% population, 18% = symptoms | strong preference for maternofetal transmission and adverse fetal outcomes

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17
Q

What mosquito spreads Zika virus and what are its biting habits?

A

Aedes | daytime

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18
Q

What are 2 diseases/conditions as a result of Zika virus infection?

A

microcephaly | neuological disorders (motor weakness)

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19
Q

How is Zika virus spread person-to-person?

A

congenitally | sexually

20
Q

What are the hosts for Yellow Fever virus?

A

humans and primates

21
Q

What mosquito spreads Yellow Fever virus?

A

Aedes

22
Q

What is the transmission of Poliovirus?

A

fecal-oral | via contaminated water

23
Q

What is the H7N9 influenza virus?

A

lasted only 2013 | 8 of viral genes = closely related to viruses found in domestic ducks and poultry and wild birds in Asia

24
Q

What disease does Nipah virus cause to humans?

A

respiratory and neurological disease due to pig farms

25
Q

What animal spreads Nipah virus but is unaffected?

A

fruit bats = excrete virus in urine

26
Q

Which animals spread Nipah virus to humans?

A

pigs and bats

27
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Hantavirus?

A

virus excreted in mouse feces | humans not natural host | hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

28
Q

What are the symptoms of SARS?

A

fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, dyspnea, dry cough

29
Q

What disease does SARS cause?

A

severe atypical pneumonia

30
Q

What method of treatment could be used against SARS?

A

mechanical ventilation

31
Q

What type of virus is MERS-CoV?

A

emerging

32
Q

What happened within 6 months of discovery of MERS-CoV?

A

isolated and studied via 1-step growth analysis | genome cloned and sequence determined | infectious DNA clone used to make viral mutants | identified receptor | immunofluorescence to study infection of various cell types | serological assays used to determine origin of virus

33
Q

What is the Mayaro virus characterized by?

A

fever, rash, aches, pains (FRAP)

34
Q

What spreads Mayaro virus?

A

Aedes mosquito

35
Q

What can Mayaro virus cause in humans?

A

arthralgia; can persist for months, can be incapacitating

36
Q

What animal host does MERS-CoV infect?

A

camels, may have been infected by bats

37
Q

What cells does Ebola infect?

A

mucosal

38
Q

What does Ebola induce in the body?

A

inflammatory cytokines

39
Q

How does Ebola cause internal bleeding/hemorrhaging?

A

all coagulation proteins and platelets get consumed | small blood clots in vessels

40
Q

What does liver dysfunction due to Ebola infection cause?

A

increase liver enzymes

41
Q

What is AFM?

A

Acute Flaccid Myelitis

42
Q

What does AFM affect?

A

nervous system, esp. spinal cord

43
Q

What does AFM cause?

A

weakens muscles and reflexes, may cause paralysis

44
Q

Which individuals are mostly affected by AFM?

A

children

45
Q

What virus or type of virus causes AFM (assumed)?

A

enterovirus

46
Q

What virus/disease is similar to what causes AFM?

A

polio

Virology (23 decks)

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