Lecture 28- Disorders of the nervous system I Flashcards
How many people are affected by mental and neurological disorders?
450 million
What are four categories of the WHO of the mental and neurological disorders?
- Mental diseases 2. Neurological disorders 3. Learning and developmental disabilities 4. Substance abuse disorders
What is the classification of the disorders based on?
-antiquated notion that some disorders were organic (the subject of neurology= neurological disorder) and others just purely functional (the subject of psychiatry= mental)= a malfunction in the mental operations of the brain without an organic cause
What are learning and developmental disabilities?
-include functional limitations that manifest in infancy or childhood as a result of disorders of or injuries to the developing nervous system
What are the causes of the mental illnesses and neurological disorders? (8)
1.Genetic 2.Multifactorial 3.Nutritional 4. Infections 5.Toxic exposure 6.Perinatal complications 7.Injury 8.Poverty, economic disadvantage
What are the five types of genetically caused neurological disorders?
- Chromosmal: Down syndrome, chromosomal rearrangements 2. Seg. autosomal syndromes: Prader-Willi, Angelmans syndromes 3. Sex-linked, single gene: Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome 4. Autosomal recessive: Phenylketonuria, Tay Sachs disease 5. Autosomal dominant: Neurocutaneous syndromes such as neurofibromatosis
What is the multifactorial cause of mental illness or neurological disorder?
Genetic and nutritional: Neural tube defects
What is the nutritional cause of neurological disorders?
-prenatal and childhood: maternal iodine deficiency, developmental iodine deficiency disorder
What are the two types of causes of infection neurological disorders?
- Prenatal or perinatal: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, STD (eg. AIDS) 2.Postnatal or childhood: Encephalitis, meningitis, cerebral malaria, otitis media
What is the toxic cause of neurological disorder?
-prenatal: alcohol, lead, mercury, antimicrobials, other drugs (e.g. thalidomide)
What are the perinatal complication neurological disorders?
-brain injuries associated with premature birth, asphyxia: cerebral palsy, cognitive disabilities, seizure disorders
What are the injury induced neurological disorders?
-traumatic brain injuries, vehicle crashes, child abuse and neglect, warfare etc.: cognitive, motor, speech, vision, hearing, seizure and behavioural disabilities
What is the neurological disorder caused by poverty or economic disadvantage?
-mild mental retardation
What are mental disorders?
-diseases that affect cognition, emotion, and behavioural control and substantially interfere with the ability of children to learn and ability of adults to function in their families, at work, and in the broader society -tend to begin early in life and often run in a chronic recurrent course
Do mental disorders have complex aetiologies?
-yes, involve interactions among multiple genetic and non-genetic risk factors