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Neuroscience > Lecture 17- Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 17- Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the kidney?

A

1.beta 1 receptor=increase in renin secretion rates 2.alpha 1B receptor=decrease in Na+ absorption 3.alpha 1A receptor= decrease in renal blood flow -more retention of water in tubule, lower blood flow

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2
Q

What does most of visceral activity need?

A

-visceral motor system

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3
Q

What are the differences between somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

A

-somatic motor neurons= have body in CNS and protected form the environment by the blood brain barrier and go to target -ANS- has an intrevening synapse, in ganglia

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4
Q

What is the difference in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

A
  • parasympathetic= the ganglia are within the tissue of the target so the postganglion fibre is short
  • opposite with the sympathetic
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5
Q

Why is it good that the ANS neurons have that extra synapse?

A

-the ganglion, the extra neuron gives us more modulation, which we want in ANS where have to weigh more factors

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic neurons?

A
  • intermediolateral cell column
  • in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord only
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7
Q

What does the sympathetic trunk look like?

A

sympathetic trunk= ganglia, in the swelling is where the ganglion cells are pregaglionic= myelinated -postganlionic cells= grey -another group of ganglionics= prevertebral ganglion = goes to the gut -these are usually in the midline of the gut

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons?

A
  • parasympathetic cells=
    1. in the brainstem

2-sacral spinal cord in=midbrain and medulla

  • long projections, many project via the vagus nerve
  • preganglionic in different regions! symp vs parasym
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9
Q

Where in the midbrain are the parasympathetics?

A
  • nucleus ambiguus
  • dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
  • salivatory nucleii
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10
Q

What innervates the blood to penis?

A

-parasympathetic (ejaculation is stimulated by sympathetic)

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11
Q

Do tissues receive innervation from both parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

-yes -often the innervation goes to different cells in the tissue, -pupil size= para=constricts, symp= makes them bigger -each goes to different muscles -same in pancreas

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12
Q

What is the special example of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

-the same muscles or cells get the innervation from sympathetic and parasympathetic— heart pacemaker cells parasympathetic= slows heart rate, sympathetic= faster heart rate (faster firing of the pacemaker cells)

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13
Q

Via which receptor and transmitter does the somatic nervous system work?

A
  • N1 nicotine acetylcholine receptor
  • via acetylcholine
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14
Q

What receptor and neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use (both pre and postganglionic)?

A
  • preganglionic= N2 receptor, (Acetylcholine)
  • postganglionic= M (muscarinic acetyl choline receptor)
  • in both acetylcholine
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15
Q

What receptor and neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use (both pre and postganglionic)?

A

2 types:

  1. pre-N2 receptor (acetylcholine) then post alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine)
  2. pre- N2 receptor (acetlycholine) and release eponephrine via adrenal medulla
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16
Q

Where does adrenal medulla receive innervation from?

A

-adrenal medulla= receives input from pre ganglion neuron and releases adrenalin into the circulation -adrenal medulla part of the sympathetic

17
Q

Which nerves constrict blood vessels?

A

-sympathetic

18
Q

What is the cascade of adrenaline?

A

-catacholamines -adrenergic receptors -dopamine is precursor to noradrenaline

19
Q

How do dopamine and norepinephrine get made?

A
  • activate postsynaptic and presynaptic receptors
  • noradrenaline gets taken back in as does dopamine= cycling
  • many drugs (cocain etc) block the transporters that take up the noradrenaline and dopamine
20
Q

What input do most organs receive?

A

-receive input from the autonomic nervous system, not all organs receive input from both e.g. many blood vessels = SNS only

21
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

-of two neurons connected in series -the neuron innervating the target occurs outside the CNS

22
Q

What are the preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division like?

A

-short -the ganglionic axons project long distances to contact the target tissue

23
Q

What are the preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division like?

A

-long -the ganglionic axons are locate in ganglia in the target tissue

24
Q

What does the stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation have?

A

-often reciprocal actions -in life work synergistically or under different conditions

25
Q

What neurotransmitter do preganglionics (ANS) use?

A

-acetylcholine -acts on ionotropic nicotine receptors N2

26
Q

What transmitters do ganglionics use?

A

-sympathetic= noradrenaline (adrenoceptors) -parasympathetic= acetlycholine (muscarinic receptors)

27
Q

What nervous system does the intestine have?

A

-extensive nervous system that receives input from the autonomic nervous system but can function independently = enteric nervous system

28
Q

Where are complex inputs integrated?

A

-complex sensory inputs from the viscera and higher senses are integrated to enable co-ordinated functioning of the autonomic nervous system -hypothalamus is a major conductors of these co-ordinated responses

29
Q

What is the anatomy of the pituitary, thalmus etc.?

A

-

30
Q

What is the pathway of viscera(ANS) informing the higher centres?

A
  • the preganglionic neurons on their own do not do that much,
  • how the brain integrates information to drive the output according to need
  • the motor pattern
  • end organs provide feedback(the end organ that is important is brain, provides feedback to itself to tell if it is getting enough glucose)
  • (baroreceptor reflex)
  • the feedback goes to the medulla, the nucleus of the solitary tract
  • within the medulla there are loops that can go back to the end organ (baroreceptor reflex is one of these)
  • when you get up = barocreceptor reflex makes sure that the blood doesn’t pool in your limbs but goes to the head! so you don’t faint
  • unconscious control 2nd loop= from nucleus of solitary tract to hypthalamus, then amygdala then to the cortex= this is the signals that we are aware of= constricted gut etc.
  • the info gets processed in the brain, in hypothalamus is important= conductor, from there many projections (to brainstem, etc.)
  • hypothalamus sends lot of information and regulates amygdala plays an important role in fearful situations,
31
Q

Why is hypothalamus key?

A
  • hypothalmus is key, projects to the motor neurons and the endocrine system (via vasopressin for example)
  • receives info, contextual and sensory

Neuroscience (35 decks)

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