Lecture 24: Digestive System Flashcards
1.mechanical processing =
a. chewing (___)
b. ____ by the stomach
c. ___ in the small intestine
- ___ breakdown: sugar/lipid/protein
a. mastication
b. churning
c. segmentation
- chemical
2 groupings of organs
gut & accessory structures
gut = alimentary canal =
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
accessory structures and organs
tongue, teeth, liver/gallbladder, pancreas
salivary, gastric, and intesinal glands
bolus formation =
swallow-able mass
lips and cheeks are lined with what membrane
mucous; stratified squamous epithelium
lips and cheeks keep food in mouth during chewing by what nerve
CN VII (facial)
space between lips/cheeks from teeth
vestibule
what is the mucosa coving alveolar bone/hard palate
gingiva
salivary glands and their paired ducts
parotid - Stensons
submandibular - Whartons
sublingual - Bartholins
functions of saliva
cleanses teeth, moistens food
saliva contains what enzyme
amylase: break down of starch
what is the thing holding your tongue to your mouth
lingual frenulum
tongue too tightly bound to the floor of mouth =
ankyloglossia aka “tongue tied”
tongue is hydrostat meaning
constant volume but different shapes
tongue is anchored to what and what
hyoid bone and mandible
soft palate is a __ flap
muscular
hard palate is made up of
palatine and maxillary bones
what is the hardest substance in the body
enamel (calcium phosphate)
3 types of tooth material
enamel, dentin, cementum
what nerves innervate the teeth
mandibular (v3) and maxillary (v2)
how does blood go in and out of the tooth
pulp cavity
pulp cavity contains what
vessels and nerves
root canal = narrow tunnel through each root
4 types of teeth
incisors - 8
cuspids - 4 - canine
bicuspids - 8
molars - 8-12
2 generations of teeth
deciduous teeth = baby teeth)
- erupt @ 6 months to 2 years
adult teeth (non0deciudous)
- erupt @ 6-21 years
when you lose your teeth you lose the
alveolar process
gut generic X-section 4 layers
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
mucosa = ___ tunic
1. secretes mucus which protects the lining of the __
2. pleated appearance =
innermost
1. gut
2. plicae circularis
elevations inside the S.I for surface area are called
plicae
submucosa
1. exocrine glands: ___ secretion
2. __ food
3. highly ___
4. ___ of nutrients from food
- enzyme
- digest
- highly
- absorption
muscularis has 2 layers
inner layer = circular muscles
outer layer = longitudinal muscles
muscularis controls
1. peristalsis =
2. segmentation =
- wave like movements
- mixing
serosa = __ layer
1. aka ___ ___
outermost
1. aka visceral peritoneum
food speeds up =
diarrhea
food slows down =
constipation
esophagus meets stomach at
cardiac sphincter AKA lower esophageal sphincter
regions of the stomach:
1. __ = entrance to stomach
2. __ = domed portion
3. body with greater and lesser ___
4. sphincter at end of stomach =
5. __ = elevated structures for expansion
- cardia
- fundus
- curvatures
- pyloric
- rugae
plicae circularis increases __ in small intestine
surface area
plicae circularis ornamented with __
& then ___
all for ___
villi
microvilli
surface area
small intestine produces what
amylase and lactase
3 segments of the small intestine in order
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
duodenum is the mixing bowl of
chyme
duodenum contains what sphincter
hepatopancreatic
goes into small intestine
jejunum contains majority of
digestion and absorption
biggest surface area
ileum is final for
digestion and absorption
ileocecal valve controls what
flow of chyme into cecum
what separates ileum from the cecum
ileocecal valve
order of 5 main sections in large intestines
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
what are the 3 flexures in the large intestine
hepatic (right) - after ascending colon
splenic (left) - after transverse colon
sigmoid - after descending colon before sigmoid colon
muscular wall of colon
- __ pouches formed by colon musculature
- ___: 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle
haustra
taenia coli
fat associated with colon =
epiploic appendages
internal anal sphincter (ANS) - ___ muscle
smooth
external anal sphincter (voluntary control) - ___ muscle
skeletal
what is the largest organ in the body
liver
lobes of the liver
right, left, quadrate, caudate
what lobe is largest in liver
right
liver functions
1. __ carbs, lipids, amino acids
2. stores __ and ___
3. detoxify/remove __ products (ammonia and urea)
4. inactivate/removes various __ and __
5. produces ___
- metabolizes
- vitamins and minerals
- waste
- drugs and hormones
- bile
what does bile do to fat
emulsifies not breakdown
does the liver ever stop producing bile
no
hepatic artery comes from what
celiac trunk
what does the gall bladder store
excess bile
chloecystitis =
inflammation of gallbladder
chloelithiasis =
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
cirrhosis (hepatitis) = destruction of hepatocytes due to:
1. exposure to drugs aka
2. viral infection aka
3. blockage of __
- alcohol
- hepatitis C
- hepatic ducts
pancreas has __% exocrine function and __% endocrine function
99%, 1%
endocrine secretions in pancreas
1. ___ = raises glucose levels in the blood
2. ___ = lowers blood glucose levels
- glucagon
- insulin
exocrine secretions in the pancreas
1. __ degrade proteins
2. ___ degrade fats
3. ___ degrade DNA and RNA
- proteinases
- lipases
- nucleases
endocrine secretions in pancreas go to
hepatic portal system
exocrine secretions in pancreas go to
pancreatic duct > duodenum
a mesentery does what
suspends GI tract from walls of cavity
supports and protects NAVL associated with GI tract
what lines he entire peritoneal cavity
parietal peritoneum
what covers the viscera
visceral peritoneum
greater omentum is __ storage and localization of __
fat, infection
what suspends liver from diaphragm
coronary ligament
what ligament is between the liver and abdominal wall
falciform
the term ligament =
dense CT between bones
sheets of serous membranes (mesenteries)
what organ is secondarily retroperitoneal
duodenum, ascending and descending colon
what encloses the jejunum and ileum
mesentery proper
