Lecture 23: Repsiratory System Flashcards
diffusion of blood gases requires?
thin walls
moist surfaces
rich blood supply
upper respiratory tract = outside the __
1. nasal cavity and ___ sinuses
2. __ and ___
thorax
1. paranasal
2. larynx and pharynx
lower respiratory tract = within the __
1. trachea, ___, bronchial tree, and __ cavity
thorax
1. bronchi, pleural
anterior opening in the nose =
bone =
nostril
bone = external nares
vestibule =
the openings of your nose
nasal septum:
1. anterior septum formed by __
2. posterior septum =
- hyaline cartilage
- vomer, ethmoid bone
nasolacrimal ducts do what
carry tears from lacrimal sacs
paranasal sinuses drain via
paranasal ducts
are all paranasal ducts connected?
yes
all ducts/sinuses are line with a __ membrane
mucous
posterior opening in the nose =
internal nares
primary purpose of nasal cavity
warm and humidify incoming air
epithelia of nasal cavity:
1. nasal vestibules lined with
a. __ glands and ___ glands
b. __ helps filter inspired air
- ___ epithelium = upper 1/3 nasal passages
- ___ epithelium = lower 2/3 nasal cavity
1a. sebaceous and sweat
1b. hair
- olfactory
- respiratory
respiratory epithelium:
1. __ membrane
2. aka ___
3. __ sweep particles to mouth
- mucous
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- cilia
what areas are part of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx:
1. space above __, posterior to ___
2. ___ connect nasopharynx with ___
3. __ tonsils on posterior wall
4. ___ palate serves as a flap valve btw nasal cavity and pharynx
- soft palate, nasal cavity
- auditory tubes, middle ear
- pharyngeal
- soft
oropharynx:
1. space below ___ and above __
2. __ tonsils located in lateral walls
3. __ tonsils located at base of tongue
- soft palate, hyoid
- palatine
- lingual
the space you can see when you open your mouth in the mirror
laryngopharynx:
1. space between __ and ___
2. ___ problems
3. intrinsic ___ hazards
- hyoid and glottis
- developmental
- choking
larynx: aka__
1. cylinder - reinforced with __
2. suspended below __ bone
3. surrounds and protects the __ + ___
4. vocal cords vibrate to produce ___
5. epiglottis - ___ cover
voice box
1. cartilage
2. hyoid
3. glottis and trachea
4. sound
5. protective
arytenoid is for what
anchor for vocal ligaments
corniculate is for what
anchor for vestibular ligaments
cuneiform is for what
stabilize epiglottis from below
laryngeal ligaments
True and false vocal cord
false over true
false has vestibular ligament and vestibular fold (fold on top)
true has vocal ligament and vocal fold (fold on top)
epiglottis:
1. covers the __
2. “valve” that diverts food to ___
- glottis
- esophagus
space between the true and false vocal cord is the
glottis
tensions and spacing of cords =
sound pitch and volume
what is between the trachea rings
annular ligaments
the trachea is lined with __ epithelium
respiratory
trachea divides into what
right and left primary bronchi
spot where trachea splits into right and left is the
carina
tracheostomy =
surgical opening in trachea to allow passage of air
bronchial tree order:
trachea > right and left primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveoli
how many secondary bronchi does each lung have
right has 3
left has 2
bronchodilation (___ diameter) - ___ ANS
increase
sympathetic
bronchoconstriction (___ diameter) - ___ ANS
decrease
parasympathetic
alveoli is the site of
gas exchange
alveoli has a blind pocket of ___ epithelium
simple squamous
septal cells (in alveolus) produce ___
surfactant
surfactant reduces ___ in alveoli
(allows them to not stick together)
surface tension
infant respiratory distress syndrome:
1. premature babies don’t produce enough __
2. alveolar walls stick together =
3. insufficient respiratory surface =
- surfactant
- alveolar collapse
- blue baby
lobes in lungs
3 on right
2 on left (because your heart sits on that side giving a cardiac impression)
pleural cavities
mediastinum
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
serous fluid
mediastinum is where
central partition of thoracic cavity
visceral pleura =
serous membrane on lung surface
parietal pleura =
serous membrane lining pleural cavity
pleural cavity =
potential space
serous fluid =
surface tension holds pleura together
pneumothorax =
1. air enters ___
2. ___ can no longer maintain pleural contact
3. lungs ___
air in the thorax
1. pleural cavity
2. serous fluid
3. collapse
pleural adhesions form between
visceral and parietal layers
emphysema =
destruction of alveoli
pulmonary embolism =
blood clot in lungs
major events in inspiration:
1. diaphragm ___
2. forced ___ - several muscles raise rib cage
3. pressure ___
- contracts
- inspiration
- decreases
major events in expiration:
1. normal expiration is ___
2. forced ___
a. abdominal walls compress ___
- passive (does not require energy)
- expiration
a. gut
control of breathing:
1. respiratory centers: __ + ___
2. mechanoreceptors: __ + ___
3. chemoreceptors: ___ + ___ + ___
4. cough =
- pons + medulla oblongata
- lung volume + blood pressure
- CO2 and O2 and blood pH
- reflex to protect respiratory tract
