Lecture 22: Blood and Lymph Flashcards
3 layers of blood vessels
- tunica interna - thin endothelium
- tunica media - smooth muscle
- tunica externa - CT sheath around outside of vessel
3 types of blood vessels
arteries
veins
lymphatics
arteries =
1. appearance:
2: tunica interna: internal __ membrane
3. tunica media: __ muscle layer
4. tunica externa: __ and ___
carry blood away from the heart to the tissues
1. round, thick walls aka garden hose
2. elastic
3. thick
4. collagen and elastic fibers
veins =
1. appearance:
2. tunica interna: __ walls, no __ membrane
3. tunica media: __ muscle layer
4. tunica externa: __ and few ___
return blood to the heart from the tissues
1. not always round, thin walls aka sock
2. smooth, elastic
3. thin
4. collagen and FEW elastic fibers
lymphatics =
1. very __ walled vesseled with __ valves
return lymph (interstitial fluid) to the heart
1. thin, small
where is the blood?
1. __% - heart & lungs
2. __% - brain, arteries, capillaries
3. __% - skin, gut, liver, veins
- 15%
- 20%
- 65%
vasoconstriction of a vessel =
decrease in diameter
vasodilation of a vessel =
increase in diameter
fight/flight response (___)
1. dilation of capillary beds in ___
2. restriction of blood supply to __
sympathetic
1. muscles
2. gut
rest/digest response (___)
1. redistribute blood to ___ (increase __ absorption)
2. dilation of capillary beds in __ (increase delivery of __)
parasympathetic
1. gut, food
2. gut, blood
- arteries lead __ from the heart
- arteries branch into __ and __ arteries
- veins lead __ the heart
- veins combine into __ and __ veins
- AWAY
- smaller and smaller
- TOWARD
- larger and larger
anastomotic fluke =
2 arteries running into one another
collateral circulation =
blood flow running parallel to one another
arteriosclerosis =
abnormal thickening/ rigidity of arteries
aneurysm =
bulge in weakened arterial wall
embolus =
drifting clot in the circulation
embolism =
blockage due to the clot
ischemia =
restricted blood supply to an organ
infarction =
localized cell death in an organ
cerebrovascular accident =
stroke
median cubital
where we draw blood from
superficial vein
___ veins help cool the body because they have more blood in them
superficial
varicose veins =
veins swollen/distorted by valve failure
hemorrhoids =
varicose veins of the rectum and anus
hemorrhoids =
varicose veins of the rectum and anus
circulation of the head: arterial supply
1. skin and muscles supplied by ____
- brain tissue supplied by branches of:
a. ____ (via ___) –> supply brain with blood
b. ___ (via __) –> supply brain with blood - all branches held in place by the ___
- external carotid artery
2a. internal carotid artery (via carotid canal)
2b. vertebral artery (via foramen magnum)
- arachnoid
arterial circle aka ___
1. anastomotic ring that encircles ___
2. formed by: ___ and ___ artery
3. distribution hub for the arterial supply to ___
Circle of Willis
1. pituitary gland
2. internal carotid artery & basilar artery
3. brain
blood brain barrier:
1. ___ (neuroglia) and endothelial cells
a. restricted ___
b. control ___ exchange between brain and blood
- astrocytes
a. permeability
b. chemical
exceptions to blood brain barrier:
1. capillaries of the ___
a. permeable: secretion of __
- capillaries in the __ and ___
a. permeable: secretion of __ into circulation
- choroid plexus
a. CSF - hypothalamus and epithalamus
a. hormones
most dural sinuses drain to the ___
internal jugular veins
blood from brain stem drains to __
vertebral veins
scalp, skin, muscles drain to __
external jugular vein
vertebral + jugular + subclavian v.s. =
brachiocephalic vein
arterial supply to gut
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
celiac trunk:
1. hepatic artery > __
2. left gastric artery > ___
3. splenic artery > __, 1/2 of __
- liver
- stomach
- spleen, pancreas
superior mesenteric artery (3 branches)
1. intestinal artery > 1/2 __, all of ___, ___
2. right colic artery > ___
3. middle colic > ___
- pancreas, all of small intestine, appendix
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
inferior mesenteric artery (3 branches)
1. left colic artery > ___
2. sigmoidal artery > ___
3. rectal artery > ___
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
___ filters/modifies substances in the blood
liver
liver is drained by ___ to ___
hepatic vein to inferior vena cava
everything in your GI tract goes back to __ via the ___
liver, via hepatic portal system
the hepatic vein = __ + ___
superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein
common hepatic artery comes off __
celiac trunk
fetal circulation:
1. ductus venous = __ in adult
2. foramen ovale = __ in adult
3. ductus arteriosus = __ in adult
- ligamentum venosum
- fossa ovalis
- ligamentum arteriosum
umbilical arteries are carrying __ blood
venous
unique features: fetal systemic circulation
1. blood from __ > __ > ___
2. placenta exchanges __, __, ___
3. umbilical vein returns ___ blood to body
4. ductus venous > ___
- internal iliac > umbilical > placenta
- gases, nutrients, waste
- oxygenated
- inferior vena cava
circulatory changes at birth
1. loss of __ arteries, veins, and ___
2. ductus arteriosus __
3. neonate inhales/expands lungs, ____ circuit starts
4. blood flows into __ = ___ closes
- umbilical, ductus venosus
- closes
- pulmonary
- left atrium, foramen ovale
functions of the lymphatic system
return interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood
maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues
production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
lymphopoiesis =
production of lymphocytes
do adults have a thymus?
no
lymphoid organs:
tonsils, spleen, GALT (gut assisted lymphatic tissue), thymus
what is the largest lymphatic organ
spleen
hilum (hilus) =
an opening that has something that comes in and out at the same area
right lymphatic duct drains:
right arm, shoulder, and head
left lymphatic duct drains:
everything the right doesnt
right and left lymphatic ducts return lymph to __
right and left subclavian veins
edema =
abnormal accumulation of fluid in peripheral tissues
3 types of tonsils (5 technically)
- pharyngeal (adenoids)
- palatine (2) (these get removed)
- lingual (paired at base but comes to 1)
tonsillectomy =
surgical removal of (typically palatine) tonsils
adenoidectomy =
surgical removal of pharyngeal tonsils
spleen:
1. removes abnormal __
2. stores __ from recycled RBCs
3. initiate immune responses by __ and __ cells
- RBC/WBC
- iron
- B and T
the thymus is responsible for …
children developing their immunity
adults don’t need it because they already have an immunity
GALT =
1. immune response within __
gut associated lymphoid tissue
1. GI tract
