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SP2 Integumentary > Lecture 24 4/24/25 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 4/24/25 Flashcards

1
Q

What is munge?

A

-severe dermatitis in camelids
-causes heavy, adherent, hyperkeratotic crusts
-lesions in the paranasal and perioral regions
-inflammation lesions may be intermittent

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2
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for munge?

A

-viral
-contagious
-pustular dermatitis
-dermatophilosis
-dermatophytosis
-bacterial dermatitis
-immune-mediated

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of dermatophytosis/ringworm?

A

-infection of hair and skin keratin with dermatophytes
-more common in young livestock
-seen in fall and winter
-predisposed by intensive management and poor ventilation
-zoonosis

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4
Q

What is the epidemiology of ringworm?

A

-worldwide dist.
-spores can survive for years in environment
-transmitted via fomites and direct contact
-incubation period of 1 to 6 weeks
-enzymatic destruction of keratin leads to hair break off

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5
Q

What are the potential losses that occur with ringworm?

A

-precludes showing
-cannot transport or export

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of ringworm?

A

-typically non-pruritic
-gray-white raised circular crusts ~3cm
-lesions on neck, head, and perineum primarily but can be anywhere

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7
Q

How is ringworm diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-fluorescence with wood’s lamp
-skin scrape
-forceps epilation
-direct microscopy
-culture

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8
Q

What are the treatment options for ringworm?

A

-can be self-limiting in 1 to 4 months
-remove scabs
-bathe with antifungal product
-systemic sodium iodide (caution for iodinism)
-vitamin A and D injections for faster healing

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9
Q

Which antifungal products can be used for ringworm baths?

A

-chlorhexidine
-lime sulfur solution
-povidone iodine

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10
Q

What is important about the application of ringworm treatments?

A

-want to treat once a day for 5 days and then weekly for 3 weeks
-must treat entire animal, not just lesions

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11
Q

How can ringworm be prevented?

A

-bathe new animals, after shows, and following exposures
-disinfect equipment and environment

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the club lamb fungus ringworm subset?

A

-transmitted during close shearing for shows
-lambs lack wool protection and get infected
-circular areas of wool loss often covered by gray-white scabs
-spontaneous recovery in 1 to 4 months
-can treat the same as in cattle

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of warts/viral papillomatosis?

A

-host specific
-transmitted via direct contact and fomites
-lesions are dry, hairless, and horny with a cauliflower-like appearance
-younger and immunosuppressed animals are at greater risk

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14
Q

What are the different types of viral papillomatosis?

A

-BPV-1: fibropapilloma of teat, skin, and penis
-BPV-2: face, head, and neck
-BPV-3: atypical warts (small, smooth, white)
-BPV-4: upper GI tract; can be malignant
-BPV-5: rice grain fibropapilloma on udder

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15
Q

How is viral papillomatosis typed?

A

PCR or ELISA on biopsy material

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16
Q

What are the treatment options for warts?

A

-typically benign and self-limiting within 12 months
-surgical removal/cryosurgery
-autogenous vaccination

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine herpes mammillitis?

A

-caused by BHV-2
-transmission thought to be related to milking machines and possibly vectors
-risk factors include winter months and recently freshened heifers
-lesion begins as a plaque and necroses and ulcerates before forming crusts
-may see oral lesions in nursing calves
-diagnosed through virus isolation or PCR
-treated via supportive care

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudocowpox?

A

-parapox virus
-zoonotic; causes milker’s nodules
-can affect entire herd
-reinfection is common due to short immunity of 4 to 6 months

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19
Q

What are the signs of pseudocowpox?

A

-localized edema and erythema
-papules
-elevated dark red scabs
-horseshoe scabs
-difficult to milk

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20
Q

What is the treatment, prevention, and prognosis for pseudocowpox?

A

-supportive care and antibacterial ointments for treatment
-typically heals in 3 to 6 weeks
-prevention via teat dipping and good hygiene

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of contagious ecthyma/orf?

A

-caused by orf virus
-high contagious but low fatality rate
-usually self-limiting in 4 to 6 weeks
-zoonotic
-common in young animals and animals exposed to harsh vegetation

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of orf lesions?

A

-papules, pustules, and scabs that are cauliflower-like
-lesions primarily at mucocutaneous junction of mouth and nose
-lesions also on teat, genitalia, poll, and distal extremities

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23
Q

What is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention steps for orf?

A

*DX:
-electron microscopy
-serology
-PCR
*TX:
-provision of soft, palatable food
-tube feeding if not suckling
*prevention:
-vaccination using previous year’s scabs

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of bluetongue?

A

-caused by bluetongue virus
-transmitted by culicoides in late summer and early fall
-causes clinical dz in sheep; other ruminants are reservoirs
-reportable in TN

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25
What are the signs of bluetongue?
-fever -oral ulcers -facial edema and hyperemia -sloughing of skin -laminitis -coronitis/knee walking
26
What is the treatment for bluetongue?
-supportive care -keep animals out of sunlight
27
What are the characteristics of epizootic hemorrhagic dz/EHD?
-orbivirus closely related to bluetongue -transmitted by culicoides -outbreaks in late summer and early fall -common cause of deaths in white tail deer -domestic ruminants can be affected
28
What are the signs of EHD in cattle?
-edema of face and legs -sloughing of muzzle -stiffness/lameness -teat lesions -reluctance to eat -death possible but rare
29
What is the treatment and prognosis for EHD in cattle?
-supportive care -majority of animals will recover
30
What are the characteristics of swinepox?
-suipoxvirus -can affect all ages but most common in pigs younger than 4 months -worldwide distribution -transmitted via direct contact, vectors, or transplacental -virus is resistant to environmental degradation and can live in scabs for over a year
31
What are the signs of swinepox/
-round to oval skin lesions -signs on flanks, abdomen, and ears -vesicles, papules, and crusts -non-pruritic
32
How is swinepox diagnosed?
-clinical signs -PCR -electron microscopy
33
What is the treatment and prevention for swinepox?
*TX: -self-limiting; pigs only get infected once -want to prevent secondary infections with antibiotics *prevention: -vector control -isolate affected pigs
34
What are the characteristics of vesicular diseases?
-REPORTABLE -cause vesicles in mouth, snout, and feet -include foot and mouth dz, vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular dz, and vesicular exanthema
35
What are the characteristics of dermatophilus/rain rot?
-caused by Dermatophilus congolensis -affects all ruminants of all ages -likely maintained in carriers -risk factors include rain, increased humidity, primary dz, and vectors
36
What are the characteristics of dermatophilus lesions?
-on rump and back -papules, pustules, and/or mats of hair -painful but not pruritic
37
How is dermatophilus diagnosed?
*cytology: -smear of pus under scab -coccoid cells in parallel/"train track" rows
38
What is the treatment for dermatophilus?
-topical cleansers -systemic antibiotics -correction of environment
39
What are the characteristics of erysipelas?
-caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae -mainly in pigs 3 months to 3 years old -potentially zoonotic -animals carry the bacteria in tonsils; can lead to septicemia -infection sources include water and feed contaminated with feces and oronasal secretions -produces neuraminidase that causes vascular damage -present in many herds; impossible to eliminate
40
What are the signs of erysipelas based on duration of onset?
*acute/septicemic: -depression -anorexia -fever -stiffness -sudden death -diarrhea -"diamond" skin lesions; darker = poor prognosis *subacute: -infertility -abortions -non-fatal, mild forms of acute signs *chronic: -acute synovitis -hot, swollen joints -cardiac insufficiency
41
How is erysipelas diagnosed?
*culture: -any tissue early in the disease -joints and lymphoid tissue later in disease *PCR: -acute or postmortem cases *response to therapy
42
What is the treatment, prognosis and prevention for erysipelas?
*TX: -penicillin or tetracycline *prognosis: -improvement in 24 hours in acute cases with treatment -chronic cases do not respond well to treatment; poor prognosis *prevention: -vaccination
43
What are the characteristics of greasy pig dz?
-caused by Staph. hyicus -normal commensal of swine skin -breaks in skin and/or immunosuppression can lead to dermatitis -bacteria is present in sow's vagina; pigs infected at birth
44
What can trigger greasy pig dz?
-baby teeth -knee abrasions -injections -tail/teeth removal -biting -mange
45
What are the signs of greasy pig dz?
-multiple affected pigs -dead newborn piglets -small and dark lesions in ears, neck, groin, and axilla early on -generalized, wrinkly skin later on -not pruritic -greasy brown crusts of serum and exudates -oral ulceration and/or heel separation -anorexia, dehydration, and death in severe dz
46
How is greasy pig dz diagnosed?
-clinical signs -histopath. -culture
47
What is the treatment for greasy pig dz?
-antibiotic based on C&S; typically injectable -supportive care
48
How is greasy pig dz prevented?
-good management -disinfection of udder -wash pigs before "exposure" to triggers -control humidity and temperature
49
What are the charactersitics of caseous lymphadenitits?
-common in sheep and goats -caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis -transmitted via direct contact and fomites -can live in environment for months -prevalence increases with age -causes suppurative necrotizing inflammation of LNs -leads to dysphagia, dyspnea, and weight loss
50
How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?
-clinical signs -serology (screening) -culture (gold standard)
51
What are the characteristics of caseous lymphadenitis treatment?
-difficult to treat -lancing abscesses is main procedure -lancing can lead to contamination and recurrence
52
How is caseous lymphadenitis prevented/controlled?
-inspection and quarantine of new animals -serology of new animals -cull affected animals -vaccination in sheep to reduce dz severity
53
What are the characteristics of dippity pig syndrome?
-caused by Erythema multiforme -stress induced -seen in younger pigs -self-limiting dz -want to control pain with NSAIDs and clipping/ointment on lesions
54
Where can SCC occur in large animals?
-cancer eye -vulva -ear -brands -perineum
55
What are the characteristics of cancer eye?
-most common cancer of bovine eye -predisposing factors include lack of pigment and sun exposure -seen at limbus, 3rd eyelid, and eyelid margins -stages include plaques, keratomas, papillomas, and carcinoma -treatment via cryosurgery, 3rd eyelid removal, or enucleation
56
What are the characteristics of pityriasis rosea?
affects pigs 3 to 12 weeks old -cause is unknown -more common in landrace breed -can affect one or more pigs per litter -can be complicated by bacterial infection, esp. if high temp and humidity
57
What are the signs of pityriasis rosea?
-raised ring shaped lesions that coalesce -lesions of ventral abdomen and inner thighs -non-pruritic
58
What are the diagnosis and treatment steps for pityriasis rosea?
*DX: -rule out other dz with similar signs *TX: -prevent secondary infections -spontaneous recovery in 4 to 8 weeks
59
What are the characteristics of epitheliogenesis imperfecta?
-sporadic congenital defect -typically only one pig in a litter -autosomal recessive transmission; likely sex-linked
60
What are the characteristics of epitheliogenesis imperfecta lesions?
-single or multiple -typically caudal aspect of body -spots with absence of epidermis and part of dermis -can predispose to septicemia
61
What is the treatment for epitheliogenesis imperfecta?
-may heal spontaneously -surgery -prevent infections and water loss
62
What are the characteristics of dermatosis vegetans?
-lethal recessive trait in pigs -signs include hoof lesions at birth and vesiculopustular dermal lesions by 3 to 4 weeks -non-pruritic and non-painful -death occurs due to multinucleate giant cell pneumonia -survivors have chronic dyspnea
63
What are the characteristics of melanoma in pigs?
-typically in young pigs; may be present at birth -more common in duroc breed -can have single or multiple lesions anywhere on body -metastasis possible but unlikely -usually resolve spontaneously
64
What are physical causes of dermatologic conditions in pigs?
-tail biting -ear biting -aural hematoma -pressure injuries

SP2 Integumentary (24 decks)

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