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SP2 Integumentary > Lecture 23 4/24/25 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 4/24/25 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to address dermatological conditions in farm animals?

A

-welfare
-disturbing for owner
-penalization in exhibitions/sale value
-discomfort and scratching leads to less productivity
-economic loss

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of horn flies?

A

-Haematobia irritans
-causes blood loss and annoyance
-vector for summer mastitis/Stephanofilaria
-mainly in cattle; occasionally feed on other mammals

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3
Q

What are the economic thresholds for horn fly burden in beef and dairy cattle?

A

beef: 200 flies/cow
dairy: 100 flies/cow

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the horn fly life cycle?

A

-lasts 9 to 12 days
-most of time is spent on host
-prolific; 400 eggs/female
-overwinter in manure pats
-adults emerge in March to May

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of face flies?

A

-Musca autumnalis
-similar to horn fly but larger
-females feed on secretions and saliva of cattle
-cause annoyance and irritation
-vector for pink eye and eye worm

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of stable flies?

A

-Stomoxys calcitrans
-blood feeders that feed head-up
-active in summer
-attack cattle, horses, pigs, and people
-mostly seen in confined-livestock operations but can be on pasture
-5 to 10 flies on both front legs is enough to cause significant losses
-vector for anthrax, anaplasma, and BLV

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7
Q

Why are face and stable flies difficult to control?

A

they are only on the host for a very short period of time

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8
Q

What steps should be taken to control fly populations in the environment?

A

-remove manure and rotting vegetation
-clean up spilled silage, grain, and broken bales
-fix leaky waterers and pipes
-provide drainage around silage pits and pens
-use commercial traps
-parasitic wasps

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9
Q

Why is stacking manure an acceptable management strategy for flies?

A

stacking manure in heaps causes it to ferment and increase in temperature, which kills eggs and larvae

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10
Q

Which tools can be used to control flies that are actively on cattle?

A

-dust bag/back rubbers
-ear tags
-automatic sprayers
-walk-through fly traps
-oral insecticides
-ivermectin

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of lice?

A

-host specific
-worldwide dist.
-risk factors include winter months, poor nutrition, and overcrowding

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12
Q

How do biting lice differ from sucking lice?

A

*biting lice:
-Mallophaga
-feeds on tissue debris
-seen on neck, withers, and tail head

*sucking lice:
-Anoplura
-feeds on blood and tissue fluid
-seen on neck, withers, tail head, head, brisket, axillae, and groin

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the louse life cycle?

A

-lasts 3 to 6 weeks
-all of the cycle is on the host
-does not live more than 1 to 2 weeks in the environment

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14
Q

What are the signs of louse infestation?

A

-pruritus
-poor feeding/poor weight gain
-rubbing and/or alopecia
-stamping
-anemia
-development of vectored diseases

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15
Q

What is the treatment for lice?

A

insecticide done on day 0 and repeated 2 to 3 weeks later
-ivermectin/moxidectin for sucking lice

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of fleas?

A

-blood sucking, wingless insects
-can jump 7 to 8 inches
-part of cycle on host, part in environment
-not host specific
-bigger problem in summer
-seen in cattle with straw bedding, overcrowding, and exposure to cats
-must treat animal and environment

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of sheep keds?

A

-Melophagus ovinus
-entire life cycle on host
-females live 4 to 5 months but only produce 15 larvae
-causes irritation, pelt damage, anemia, wool staining, and “back loss”
-can affect goats

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18
Q

How are sheep keds controlled?

A

-shearing to remove pupae and adults
-pyrethroid sprays or pour-on
-dips
-treatment of all replacement animals
-avoid getting sheep wet in cold weather; esp. winter

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19
Q

What are the species of mange that affect cattle?

A

-Sarcoptes scabiei
-Psoroptes ovis
-Chorioptes bovis
-Demodex

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Sarcoptic mange?

A

-life cycle of 10 to 17 days
-females deposit eggs in shallow burrows of skin
-only lives a few days in environment
-can affect any age, breed, or sex
-less common now due to preventatives

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21
Q

How is Sarcoptic mange transmitted?

A

-direct contact
-blankets and bedding
-grooming equipment

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for Sarcoptic mange?

A

-poor condition/husbandry
-cold, wet weather
-overcrowding

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23
Q

What are the signs of Sarcoptic mange?

A

-pruritus
-small red papules
-alopecia
-thick brown scabs
-thickening and wrinkling of skin

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24
Q

Where are sarcoptic mange lesions seen in different species?

A

*sheep and goats:
-face
*cattle:
-inner thighs
-ventral neck
-brisket
-base of tail

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25
How is Sarcoptic mange diagnosed?
-deep skin scrape -ELISA to detect antibodies -biopsy
26
What are the treatment options for sarcoptic mange?
-ivermectin pour-on or injectable -organophosphates -lime/sulphur dips -permethrin sprays
27
What are the characteristics of sarcoptic mange in sheep and goats?
-rare in sheep -goats are often resistant to sheep mange
28
What are the characteristics of Psoroptic mange?
-non-burrowing; feeds on tissue fluids -2 week life cycle -can live for 3 weeks off host -seen in fall and winter -type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to mite saliva causes signs -REPORTABLE
29
What are the signs of psoroptic mange?
-lesions at withers, neck, and tail base -pruritus -papules/scabs that may coalesce -alopecia -weakness, emaciation, and death in severe cases
30
What are the characteristics of Chorioptic mange?
-most common mange of cattle and camelids -superficial and non-invasive -mostly seen in winter -3 week life cycle -itchy, but not as much as other mange-causing species -lesions seen at limbs, udder, scrotum, perineum, an tail -treatment similar to other mange species; may spontaneously regress in summer
31
Why are mites primarily a winter problem?
-humid hair coat -indoor confinement -crowding -less feed -stress
32
How are mites prevented?
-keep animals well fed, with proper hygiene and sun exposure -treat entire herd in late fall -treat incoming animals -quarantine new animals and infested animals -C-section and isolation in swine -isoxazolines
33
What are the characteristics of cutaneous myiasis?
-infestation of skin by fly larvae or maggots -leads to reduced production and mortality -3 main disease entities are blow fly strike, screwworm, and sarcophagid
34
What are the characteristics of screwworm?
-Cochliomyia homnivorax -not host specific -females oviposit on fresh wounds -hot, humid weather favors development -larvae feed on fresh, living tissue -larvae live on wound for 5 to 7 days -pupae die if soil temp. is less than 60 deg. for more than a few months -treated with insecticide, wound cleaning, and ivermectin -REPORTABLE
35
What are the characteristics of blow fly strike?
-larvae fail to pupate in cold weather -fly is attracted to moisture on skin -females need protein for ovarian development -adult flies live up to 2 weeks and lay 2 to 3 batches of eggs -promoting factors include rain, cloud clover, lush pasture, skin folds, and diarrhea -larvae feed on exudate and release enzymes to degrade skin -leads to toxemia and loss of skin and tissue fluids -treated with insecticide, wound cleaning, and ivermectin
36
What are the characteristics of Stephanofilariasis?
-common in cattle worldwide -caused by Stephanofilaria stilesi -transmitted by female horn flies -causes ventral midline dermatitis -diagnosis based on clinical signs, biopsy, and/or deep skin scraping -mild signs; treatment not typically required but can do topical insecticides or oral levamisole
37
What are the characteristics of hypoderma/warbles?
-only seen north of the equator -have a range of activity of 3 to 9 miles -bee-like flies with a short life-span -seen in early spring and summer -cause anxiety, decreased milk production, and decreased weight gain -result in damage to carcasses, posterior paralysis, and bloat
38
What is the hypoderma lifecycle?
-fly lays eggs on leg and lower body hair -L1 travel to skin and into tissues -H. bovis larvae go to spinal cord; H. lineatum larvae go to esophagus -larvae move to subdermis of the back in winter and make breathing holes -L3 emerges from warble and pupates; takes 1 to 3 months for flies to emerge
39
What is the treatment for hypoderma?
-treat in fall or spring -prevention with organophosphorus preparations -DO NOT kill larvae in winter; can cause paralysis and bloat
40
What are the characteristics of Oestrus ovis/nasal bots?
-affect sheep and goats -flies deposit larvae on the nares and they develop in the dorsal turbinates and frontal sinuses -larvae feed on nasal secretions -zoonosis
41
What are the signs of Oestrus ovis?
-rhinitis -sinusitis -mucous discharge -secondary conditions like pneumonia
42
How is Oestrus ovis treated?
-invermectin -closantel -treat after first hard frost; primarily a winter problem
43
What are the types of photosensitization?
-primary: due to intake of photodynamic agents -congenital: aberrant pigment synthesis -secondary: phylloerythrin accumulates due to liver failure
44
What are the lesions seen in photosensitization?
-worse on dorsum -intense pruritus -erythema -edema -alopecia -gangrene
45
What are the systemic signs of photosensitization?
-tachycardia -anorexia -weakness -hyperthermia -dyspnea -icterus
46
Which compounds can cause primary photosensitization?
-phenothiazine -rose bengal dye -corticosteroids
47
Which compounds can cause secondary photosensitization?
-Phithomyces chartarum -Lantana -ragwort -Crotalaria retusa
48
What is the treatment/prevention for photosensitization?
-remove from sunlight -prevent further exposure to photodynamic agents (laxatives to expel quickly) -drugs for pain relief and secondary infections -raise dark-skinned breeds that are less prone to condition
49
When is zinc deficiency most likely?
if the soil pH is greater than 6.5; less to decreased grass digestibility and increased sulfur
50
What are the signs of zinc deficiency?
-reduced growth -excessive salivation -impaired repro. -alopecia -parakeratosis -rough hair coat -predisposition to foot rot
51
Where do zinc deficiency lesions occur?
-muzzle -vulva -anus -tail head -ears -back of hind legs -flanks -neck
52
How is zinc deficiency diagnosed?
-skin biopsy of parakeratosis -low serum values
53
What is the treatment for zinc deficiency?
-supplementation with zinc sulfate -should see improvement in 1 week and complete resolution after 3 weeks
54
What are the causes of parakeratosis and zinc deficiency in swine?
*primary: -no access to soil -no supplementation *secondary: -excessive calcium -excessive phytic acid -low conc. of essential fatty acids -diarrhea
55
What are the signs of parakeratosis in pigs?
-2 to 4 months old -thickening of skin -fissuring of epidermis and infection if severe -reduced growth rate -NOT pruritic
56
How is swine parakeratosis diagnosed and treated?
-diagnosed via histopath. and zinc level analysis in rations -treated by removing excess calcium from rations and supplementing zinc
57
What are the characteristics of copper deficiency?
-more common in spring and summer -primary deficiency occurs with copper deficient soils -secondary deficiency occurs with high levels of sulfure, molybdenum, and iron
58
What are the signs of cooper deficiency?
-bleaching of hair -poor growth -rough hair coat -fragile bones -diarrhea -poor repro. -anemia -cardiac failure -sudden death
59
How is copper deficiency diagnosed?
-low serum and hepatic copper levels -response to treatment
60
What is the treatment for copper deficiency?
-mineral or salt mix -copper injection -oral copper bolus -copper sulfate application to pasture

SP2 Integumentary (24 decks)

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