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Pharm > Lecture 23: Antibiotics > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are Antibiotics?

A

Soluble compounds that are produced and released by microorganisms and that inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms

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2
Q

What can bacteria be classified by?

A
  • Aerobic vs Anaerobic
  • Shapes (rod, sphere, or spirals)
  • Cell wall components (gram negative or gram positive)
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3
Q

What are the four shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Bacillus (rod)
  • Coccus (sphere)
  • Spiral
  • Other
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4
Q

What name is the rod shape?

A

Bacillus

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5
Q

What name is the sphere shape?

A

Coccus

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6
Q

What are the two types of cell walls that bacteria can have?

A
  • Gram-positive

* Gram-negative

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7
Q

What distinguishes gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria takes up the ultraviolet dye and gram-negative does not

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8
Q

Why does Gram-positive bacteria stain purple?

A

Because it has a thick peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria like?

A

They have a relatively this cell wall with few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

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10
Q

Which cell wall do most bacteria have?

A

Gram-negative cell walls

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11
Q

What does the Peptidoglycan structure consist of?

A

Strands made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues crossed linked by peptides

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12
Q

What does Glycotransferase (GT) do?

A

Polymerizes individual strands into the peptidoglycan chain

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13
Q

What does Transpeptidase do (TP)?

A

Cross links the two different strands

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14
Q

What is TP targeted by?

A

Many antibiotics

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15
Q

What is TP also called?

A

The penicillin binding protein

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16
Q

When does normal flora cause trouble?

A

If immune systems are weakened or if they gain access to normally sterile part of the body

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17
Q

What is the difference between pathogens and normal flora?

A

Pathogens do not require that the host be immunocompromised or injured

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18
Q

What types of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria?

A
  • food borne illnesses
  • Sexully Transmitted Diseases
  • Skin Infections
  • Highly Infectious Diseases
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19
Q

What does Spectrum of Activity mean with antibiotics?

A

They can be narrow or broad spectrum depending on the number of different bacterial species against which they exhibit useful activity

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20
Q

What is bacterial sensitivity with antibiotics?

A

The ability of bacterial strain to replicate following antibiotic exposure

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21
Q

What do Bactericidal antibiotics lead to?

A

Permanent loss of replicative activity

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22
Q

What do bacteriostatic antibiotic activity lead to?

A

Temporary loss of growth and replication that returns following the removal of antibiotics

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23
Q

What is ability to penetrate?

A

Delivery of antibiotic to site of infections is the most difficult challenge of antibiotic delivery

24
Q

What are the four classes of antibiotics?

A
  • Cell wall inhibitors
  • Folic acid
  • DNA synthesis inhibitors
  • Protein synthesis inhibitors
25
Q

What kind of antibiotic in Penicillin?

A

A cell wall inhibitor

26
Q

What kind of antibiotic is Cephalosporins?

A

A cell wall inhibitor

27
Q

What is penicillin derived from?

A

Penicillium notatum

28
Q

What are Cephalosporins derived from?

A

Acremonium

29
Q

What are Beta Lactams?

A

4 member ring antibiotics

30
Q

What are the two Beta Lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillin and Cephalosporins

31
Q

How do the Beta Lactams work?

A

They inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting DD-transpeptidase which is responsible for cross-linking components of the cell wall (bactericidal)

32
Q

What is another name for DD transpeptidase?

A

Penicillin binding protein

33
Q

What did Beta Lactams only used to be effective against?

A

They used to only be effective against gram positive bacteria but successive generation of cephalosporins have increased activity against gram negative bacteria

34
Q

What are Beta-lactamases?

A

Bacterial enzymes made by most staphylococci and many gram negative organisms that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of certain penicillins and cephalosporins (basically resistance)

35
Q

What are Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors?

A

Potent inhibitors of beta-lactamases used in combinations to protect hydrolyzable penicillins from inactivation

36
Q

What is an example of a Beta-lactamase inhibitor?

A

Clavulanic acid

37
Q

What kind of antibiotic is Vancomycin?

A

A cell wall inhibitor

38
Q

Which bacteria make beta-lactamases?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

39
Q

What are the cell wall inhibitor anibiotics?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Vancomycin
40
Q

What do we give with Cell wall inhibitors usually?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

41
Q

What is Vancomycin produced by?

A

Actinobacteria species, Amycolatopsis orientalis commonly found in soil

42
Q

How does Vancomycin work?

A

It also inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking

43
Q

What do bacteria use to synthesize nucleic acids their DNA?

A

They use folic acids

44
Q

What is Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)?

A

A nutrient obtained from the environment that is the precursor for folate in bacteria

45
Q

What are the two Folic Acid Inhibitors?

A

Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim

46
Q

How do Sulfonamides work?

A

They resemble PABA and interfere with PABA metabolic pathways

47
Q

What kind of antibiotics are Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim?

A

Folic acid inhibitors

48
Q

Where do bacteria make protein from mRNA?

A

In the 70s ribosomal complex comprised of a 50s and 30s subunit

49
Q

What is the Ribosomal complex in humans like?

A

Prokaryotes have an 80s ribosomal complex (60S and 40S)

50
Q

What occurs in transpeptidation?

A

tRNA (t6) transfers an amino acid to the growing amino acid chain

51
Q

Why are Eukaryotes unaffected by protein synthesis?

A

Because they have an 80s ribosomal complex and the antibiotics target the 70s

52
Q

What are the four types of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors?

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Macrolides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides
53
Q

How do Chloramphenicol and Macrolides work?

A

They bind to the 50S subunit and block transpeptidation

54
Q

How do the Tetracyclines work?

A

The bind to the 30S subunit and prevent binding of the incoming tRNA

55
Q

How do Aminoglycosides work?

A

They bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and block the initiation of the complex, cause misreading of the code on the mRNA template, inhibit translocation

56
Q

What are the four ways bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics?

A
  • Drug inactivation or modification
  • Alteration of binding site
  • Alteration of metabolic pathways
  • Reduced drug accumulation
57
Q

What are Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?

A

Rare conditions in which the skin becomes detached from the underlying tissue and sloughs off the body

Pharm (31 decks)

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