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Pharm > Lecture 20: Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Hallucinogen?

A

A psychoactive agent that causes changes in perception (hallucinations)

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2
Q

Which systems do most hallucinogenic drugs alter the function of?

A

The monoaminergic or glutamatergic systems

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3
Q

What areas do hallucinogens change?

A

Thoughts, emotions and consciousness

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4
Q

What does Psychoactive mean?

A

It has some sort of impact on the brain

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5
Q

Which system of the monoaminergic system do hallucinogens mainly target?

A

The serotonin system

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6
Q

What is the Criteria for a drug to be classified as a hallucinogen?

A
  • Changes in thought, perception and mood should predominate
  • Intellectual or memory impairment should be minimal
  • Won’t change arousal level ie put you to sleep or make you super excited
  • autonomic nervous system side effects should be minimal
  • addictive craving should be minimal
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7
Q

What are Classical Psychedlics?

A

Drugs with perception altering psychedelic effects

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8
Q

What are examples of Classical Psychedelics?

A
  • LSD
  • Psilocybin
  • Mescaline
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9
Q

Where is the common mechanism of action of Classical Psychedelics?

A

At the 5HT2a

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10
Q

What was the potential treatment for early Psychedelics?

A

Vasoconstrictors as treatment for migraines

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11
Q

Which receptor is the hallucinogenic effects of LSD mediated by?

A

The 5HT2a receptor

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12
Q

What does LSD do at the 5HT2a receptors?

A

It is a high affinity partial agonist

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13
Q

Which receptors does LSD target?

A

5HT2a receptors

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14
Q

What type of agonist is LSD at 5HT2a receptors?

A

It is a partial agonist with high affinity

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15
Q

How do we know that 5HT2a receptor is responsible for hallucination with LSD?

A

Transgenic mice with the gene for this receptor knocked out do not show head bob like behaviour when given LSD

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16
Q

Are all 5HT2a agonists hallucinogenic? Provide an example?

A

No not all 5HT2a agonists are hallucinogenic. LHM binds but does not cause hallucinogenic effect

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17
Q

Why aren’t all 5HT2a agonists hallucinogenic?

A

Because of biased agonism

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18
Q

Why is LSD hallucinogenic but some 5HT2a agonists arent?

A

Because LSD activates phospholipase A2 instead of phospholipase C like serotonin does

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19
Q

What does pretreatment with a 5HT2a antagonist do?

A

Ketanserin blocks hallucinogenic effects of LSD

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20
Q

What are the effects of LSD other than hallucinogens?

A
  • Dilated pupils
  • increase heart rate and blood pressure
  • Distortion of sensory perception
  • Hallucinations ranging from simple color patterns to more complex scenes
  • Feeling of enlightenment
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21
Q

What are the adverse psychiatric effects of LSD?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Paranoia
  • Delusions
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22
Q

What is Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)?

A

Distressing visual hallucination that appear following drug

23
Q

What is the Tolerance like in LSD?

A

It has a profound tolerance that lasts for several days

24
Q

Why does LSD have profound Tolerance?

A

Because of the downregulation of 5-HT2 receptors but not other 5-HT receptors

25
Q

What does Psilocybin look very similar to?

A

Serotonin

26
Q

What is the structure of Psilocybin?

A

It is an indole molecule (6 membered benzene ring fused to a five membered pyrrole ring) with an amine group

27
Q

Where is Psilocybin produced?

A

In magic mushrooms

28
Q

What are the effects of Psilocybin?

A
  • Euphoria
  • Visual and mental hallucinations
  • Changes in perception and distorted sense of time
  • Spiritual experiences
29
Q

What kind of drug is Psilocybin?

A

A prodrug

30
Q

What is Psilocybin converted to since it is a prodrug?

A

It is dephosphorylated to psilocin in the body

31
Q

What kind of Agonist is Psilocybin and at which receptors?

A

Partial agonist at 5HT receptors
High affinity for the 5HT-2b and 5HT2c receptors
Lower affinity at the 5HT2a receptor

32
Q

At which receptor are the psychedelic effects of Psilocybin?

A

5-HT2a like LSD

33
Q

What do dissociative hallucinogens do?

A

Distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment from the environment or self. Can lead to depersonalization

34
Q

What are dissociative hallucinogens associated?

A

Analgesia

35
Q

What kind of Hallucinogen in Phencyclidine (angel dust)?

A

A dissociative hallucinogen

36
Q

What does Phencyclidine do at the receptor?

A

It is an NMDA receptor antagonist

37
Q

How does Phencyclidine affect the Dopamine transporter?

A

It inhibits the DAT so there are increased synaptic levels of Dopamine

38
Q

What is addiction like in Phencyclidine?

A

It is actually addictive

39
Q

What was Phencyclidine originally marketed as?

A

An anesthetic medication but replaced by ketamine

40
Q

What are the effects of Phencyclidine?

A
  • Changes in body image
  • Loss of ego boundaries
  • Paranoia and depersonalization
  • Altered mood states
41
Q

What are the other name for Nitrous Oxide?

A

Laughing gas

42
Q

What are the effects of Nitrous Oxide?

A

•Feelings of euphoria after inhalation

43
Q

What are the targets of Nitrous Oxide?

A
  • Non-competitive NMDA antagonist
  • Stimulate endogenous opioid release
  • Positive allosteric modulator at GABA-A receptors
44
Q

What are the effects of Deliriant Hallucinogens?

A

Induce a state of delirium characterized by extreme confusion and inability to control one’s actions

45
Q

What is the difference between the effects of Deliriant hallucinogens and psychedelics?

A

They both produce visual and auditory hallucination but imagery associated with deliriant hallucinogens is often perceived as real and users may not be aware they are in a state of drug altered consciousness

46
Q

Which receptors do Deliriant Hallucinogens tend to block?

A

Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors

47
Q

Where is Datura stramonium found?

A

In plants

48
Q

What does Datura contain?

A
  • Scopolamine

* Atropine

49
Q

What do atropine and scopolamine do at receptors?

A

They are competitive antagonists at the muscarinic cholinergic receptors

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Datura?

A
  • Delirium
  • Confusion
  • Hallucinations
  • Consciousness
  • Also has systemic effects
51
Q

Why are effects of Datura not as restricted to the brain?

A

Because they target the muscarinic cholinergic system

52
Q

What can also produce deliriant hallucinations at very high doses?

A

First generation antihistamines because they can bind to muscarinic receptors

53
Q

Why can you overdose on Datura?

A

Because of their cholinergic effects

Pharm (31 decks)

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