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Pharm > Lecture 13: Alcohol > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional group that defines alcohols?

A

Oxygen plus a proton (hydroxyl groups)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of ethanol?

A
  • Small
  • Water soluble
  • Freely crosses membranes
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3
Q

What is beer made from?

A

Grains

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4
Q

What is wine made from?

A

Grapes

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5
Q

Where does Vodka and Gin come from?

A

Potatoes

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6
Q

Which spirit is made from molasses?

A

Rum

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7
Q

What is Agave used to make?

A

Tequila

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8
Q

How does low pH effect ethanol?

A

It does not alter ethanol so as it passes through the stomach nothing happens to it

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9
Q

Where does most of the absorption of ethanol occur?

A

In the small intestine

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10
Q

In which population is BAC higher?

A

In females

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11
Q

What contributes to BAC after one drink being higher in females?

A

Females are generally smaller and less lean

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12
Q

How does a full stomach affect the peak BAC?

A

It slows absorption and lowers peak BAC

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13
Q

Which people have lower BAC?

A

Larger people and leaner people

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14
Q

What allows ethanol to get into the brain?

A

Ethanol’s small size

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15
Q

What is the difference between the BAC of men and women?

A

In general, men can have more drinks and have lower BACs

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16
Q

What are the effects of alcohol consumption on the behavior?

A
  • Inhibited decision making and judgements
  • Unstable mood and heightened emotions
  • Decreased anxiety
  • Increased aggression
  • Increased addiction
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17
Q

What are the Physiological effects of alcohol consumption?

A
  • Dilation of blood vessels in the skin
  • Reduced blood clotting
  • Increased HDL levels
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18
Q

What kind of kinetics does alcohol follow?

A

Zero order kinetics

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19
Q

What is zero order kinetics?

A

No matter what does is administered, there is a linear decrease in blood alcohol concentration

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20
Q

What are the main enzymes for alcohol elimination?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

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21
Q

What limits the enzymes needed to metabolize alcohol?

A

They saturate quickly, and require NAD+ to operate

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22
Q

By what intervals do the alcohol enzymes work?

A

8g/hr or 0.015 BAC elimination per hour

23
Q

What amount of alcohol is exhaled?

A

1/2200 of BAC

24
Q

What kind of curve is seen in BAC curves?

A

A biphasic curve

25
Q

What are the two phases of BAC?

A
  • BAC rises stimulant ➡️

* BAC declines ➡️ depressant

26
Q

What is personality like in the first phase?

A

Increased sociability, decreased anxiety

27
Q

What neurotransmitters does ethanol modulate?

A

Glutamate and GABA

28
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

Depolarizes cells and activates neurons

29
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Inhibits activation of neurons

30
Q

How does ethanol affect Glutamate and GABA neurons?

A

Ethanol inhibits Glutamate neurons and stimulates GABA neurons

31
Q

What is the shift toward due to ethanol?

A

Hyperpolarization/Inhibition

32
Q

How does EtOH affect GABA receptors?

A

Causes potentiation of GABAa receptors causing hyperpolarization of downstream neurons

33
Q

How does EtOH affect Glu-NMDA receptors and voltage gated calcium channels?

A

Inhibits them preventing activation of downstream neurons

34
Q

Why does Asphyxiation occur in lethal doses of alcohol?

A

Because it causes depressed activity in autonomic centres

35
Q

What type of receptors are GABAa receptors?

A

Cys-loop ligand-gated channel superfamily receptors

36
Q

What is meant by GABAa receptors are heteropentameric receptors?

A

They contain two alpha subunits, two beta subunits, and one other

37
Q

What do GABAa receptors conduct?

A

Negative chloride into neurons

38
Q

Which receptors are inhibited by EtOH?

A

NMDA receptors

39
Q

What kind of receptors are NMDA receptors?

A

Ionotropic Glu receptor superfamily

40
Q

What subunits do NMDA receptors usually contain?

A

2 NR1 subunits either 2 NR2 or 2 NR3 subunits

41
Q

What do NMDA receptors conduct?

A

Positive currents in neurons depolarizing them

42
Q

Why is Alcohol addicitve?

A

GABA neurons release inhibitory neurotransmitters onto DA receptors. If glutamate neurons are inhibited by EtOH they cannot tell GABA to release inhibitory GABA onto DA receptors causing an increased release of DA. It disinhibits dopamine receptors

43
Q

Why does increased vasodilation in the skin occur with alcohol?

A

The outputs to vessels go down causing vasodilation

44
Q

How does alcohol affect the stomach?

A

It cause loss of the stomach mucosal lining

45
Q

Why does the spins occur?

A

EtOH permeates the endolymph and cupula. Then BAC starts to decline and EtOH diffuses out of the cupula before the endolymph. This makes the cupula more dense than the endolymph and so it does not stabilize when lying down and detects this as motion causing the spins

46
Q

At what BAC does the spins occur?

A

0.04

47
Q

How does the body express alcohol tolerance?

A

It up regulates the enzymes that metabolize alcohol

48
Q

What is ethanol converted to?

A

A calorie dense acetate molecule

49
Q

What happens to the acetate produced from alcohol?

A

It can enter the citric acid cycle and generate energy

50
Q

What trimester is most susceptible to fetal alcohol spectrum disease?

A

3rd trimester

51
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

It causes shrinkage of brain mass and overall function of the brain decreases due to acetaldehyde which is an ethanol metabolite

52
Q

Where does alcohol increase cancer risk?

A

In the upper GI tract and stomach

53
Q

Why does alcohol increase cancer?

A

It is metabolized by microflora increasing acetaldehyde concentration in the GI tract which is a carcinogen and interferes with DNA synthesis

Pharm (31 decks)

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