Lecture 23 Flashcards
What does the word kinematic mean?
Movement
Kinematic information references __________ and deal with _________ and __________ of ________
“Displacement”; positioning, movement of structures
What is displacement?
How much the structure moves?
What does EMG stand for?
Electromyography
What does an EMG give information on?
Neuromuscular control
What are two forces in articular activity?
1) force of contact
2) aerodynamics
Most information on ________ activity is known from imaging
Pharyngeal
What is the pharyngeal activity on low vowels versus high vowels?
Low vowels = lower part of pharynx is constricted
High vowels = lower part of pharynx is wider, possibly even dialated
What is the major role of velopharyngeal activity?
Couple and de a couple the oral/nasal cavities
What is it called when the velum anticipates nasal and starts lowering during the vowel?
Coarticulation
Velar closure isn’t a _______, its a _________
Binary; continuum
The most useful information on tongue activity comes from ______ view _____ _____
Lateral; x-ray films
Which directions can the tongue move?
1) up and down
2) left and right
3) front and back
traditionally, tongue activity is typically described in a ________ framework?
Phonetic
What are the two categories of tongue activity for vowels?
1) height
2) advancement
What are the two categories of tongue activity for constants?
1) location
2) degree of constriction
Which requires more tongue constriction, stops or fricatives?
Stops
What is the quantal theory of speech?
There is not a one-to-one relation between articulator positioning and acoustic output
Large articulatory adjustments can result in:
Small change in acoustic output
Small articulatory adjustments can result in:
Large change in acoustic output
Vowels involve more constant tongue _____ and the entire tongue mass around the oral cavity; consonants involve tongue __________ and ____, possibly require ____ and more ____ lingual movement.
Shape; positioning and shape; finer and more rapid
lip activity has a large amount of ________ and ____ studies, why?
Movement; EMG; lips are easily accessible
How can lip movement occur?
In all three directions and typically with the upper and lower lips paired
What are the tow categories of movement of lip activity for vowels?
1) retraction
2) protrusion
What are the two categories of movement of lip activity for consonants?
1) labial
2) non-labial
Lips are subject to ______ forces; so the _____ when stretched which makes them come together ______
Elastic; recoil; easier
Jaw movement for speech is ______
Complex
Describe jaw activity during opening (condyle and incisors)
Condyle: moves down and forward
Incisors: move down and back with slight curvilinear path
Describe jaw activity during closing (condyle and incisors)
Condyle: moves up and back
Incisors: move up and forward
The jaw does both ______ and ________ movement
Linear and rotational
What are the six degrees of jaw movement?
1) vertical
2) lateral
3) horizontal
4) pitch
5) yaw
6) roll
What is another name for linear movement?
Translational
What is another name for rotational movement?
Curvilinear
If you ______ the degrees of freedom you gain more ______.
Reduce; control
The jaw axis of rotation (through the ______) is not _________
Condyle; stationary
What is the average movement of incisors during speech for adult males? (Vertical, lateral, horizontal)
Vertical: 25 mm
Lateral: 5 mm
Horizontal: 5mm
Describe all the rotational movements of the jaw prominence in speech and chewing:
Pitch: prominent in speech and chewing
Yaw: prominent in chewing, not speech
Roll: not prominent in either
Jaw activity for speech is largely confined to the _______ plane
Saggital
Amplitude: speech (>/=) chewing
Speech < chewing
Velocity: speech (>/=) chewing
Speech > chewing
Which muscle is the most important muscle for closing in speech?
Medial pterygoid
Which two muscles are sometimes active for speech but are generally not because that power isn’t needed?
1) masseter
2) temporalis
During speech the closing and opening muscles are _________
Coactivated
During chewing there is _______ activity involving the _______ and _______ versus the ________ ______ muscles
Reciprocal; masseter and temporalis versus the anterior digastric
List the four articulators from fastest to slowest:
1) tongue tip
2) lower lip
3) tongue dorsum
4) velum
What are four examples of categorizations of articulatory targets?
1) acoustic
2) perceptual
3) force
4) air pressure
What is undershooting?
Shortcut in articulation, typically less work in the direction of the vowel
There is a strong positive correlation between _______ and __________
Velocity and displacement
The farther an articulatory is moving, the _____ it will be moved
Faster
What is coarticualtion?
When a feature of one phoneme influences the production of another
What are the two types of coarticulation?
1) anticipatory
2) carry-over
