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Anatomy II 2019 > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structures that compose the following parts of the diencephalon

Roof:
Walls:
Floor:

A

Roof: Epithalamus

Walls: Thalamus

Floor: Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What 2 structures found within the epithalamus are involved in emotional and visceral responses to odrs? which of these also secretes melatonin in order to regulate circadian rhythm? Which of these calcifies with age?

A

Habenular Nuclei

Pineal body, which also secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm AND calcifies with age

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3
Q

What structure of the brain is formed by 80% of the diencephalon? what structure separates this from the hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus

The Hypothalamic sulcus (groove) separates the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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4
Q

The Thalamus relays all sensory information besides what type of sensory information? Where in the brain does it relay all of this info to?

A

Smell

The thalamus relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide? Include where it projects

Medial geniculate body:

A

Medial geniculate body: Auditory

projects to to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

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6
Q

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide? Include where it projects

Lateral Geniculate Body:

A

Lateral geniculate body: Visual

projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital cortex

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7
Q

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide?

Ventral posterior nuclei:

A

Ventral Posterior Nuclei: General sensations and taste

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8
Q

What is the Internal capsule composed of? Describe the relationship of the thalamus to the white capsule.

A

Internal Capsule = collection of white matter tracts that run between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Compare the function of the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and the anterior portion.

A

Posterior portion of the hypothalamus: RAISES arterial BP and INCREASES heart rate

Anterior portion of the hypothalamus: LOWERS arterial BP and DECREASES heart rate

“(Run when something is behind you)”

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10
Q

The following are all functions of what area of the brain?

Controls/integrates the ANS
Receives and integrates visceral sensory impulses
Serves as an intermediary between the nervous and endocrine systems
associated with rage/aggression
sexual center
maintains ECF volume

A

The hypothalamus

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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12
Q

Since smell is the only sensory information that does not pass through the thalamus, where does it go instead?

A

Smell passes through the hypothalamus (NOT the thalamus)

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13
Q

What are the mammillary bodies of the Hypothalamus involved in?

A

Olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

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14
Q

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Supraoptic Nuclei:

A

Supraoptic nuclei: stimulate the release neurohormones Oxytocin and Vasopressin (aka ADH) from the posterior pituitary, into posterior pituitary capillaries

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15
Q

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Suprachiasmatic nuclei:

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei: Control circadian rhythms (master biologic clock)

(Set to light-dark cycle by a direct retinal projection)

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16
Q

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Paraventricular nuclei:

A

Paraventricular Nuclei: controls the anterior pituitary by releasing inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Medial preoptic area:

A

Medial preoptic area: larger in males than in females and serves as a temperature regulation center

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18
Q

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Tuberal level nuclei:

A

Tuberal level nuclei: in the “stalk” of the hypothalamus and is a feeding/pleasure center

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19
Q

Define Striatum

A

Striatum: Collection of basal nuclei (basal lamina) that develop on the floor of the telencephalon

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20
Q

Define Lamina Terminalis

A

Lamina Terminalis: Original cephalic boundary of the neural tube that separates the 2 lateral ventricles of the brain

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21
Q

Define Pallium

A

Pallium: primitive roof of the telencephalon that lacks a true cortex AND receives olfactory area sensory input

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22
Q

Define Neocortex

A

Neocortex: the cerebral gray matter of the brain (80% of the brain mass)

23
Q

What lobes of the brain house Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

A

The LEFT Frontal lobe houses Broca’s area

The LEFT Parietal Lobe houses Wernicke’s area

24
Q

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Somatesthetic (sensory) interpretation
Understanding speech
Formulating words

A

Parietal lobes

25
Q

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Voluntary motor control
Motivation/Aggression
Mood/Personality

A

Frontal lobe

26
Q

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Involved in memory
“Psychic cortex” that conducts the highest levels of brain function (abstract thought and judgement)

A

Insula lobe

27
Q

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Olfactory/Auditory sensations
Storage of memory associated with Visual/Auditory experiences

A

Temporal lobe

28
Q

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Integrates eye focusing movements
Visual memory
Conscious perception of vision

A

Occipital

29
Q

State the 4 components of the Telencephalon

A

Striatum

Cerebrum

Olfactory tract and bulbs

Lamina terminalis

“(SCOL)”

30
Q

What 2 structures does the corpus callosum connect?

A

the neocortex of the 2 hemispheres of the brain

31
Q

What 2 areas of the brain form the Lentiform Nucleus? State the function of these 2 structures

A

Lentiform nucleus = Putamen + Globus Pallidus

Putamen: involved in large subconscious movements of skeletal muscles

Globus Pallidus: Regulates muscle tone

32
Q

What 3 nuclei of the Striatum make up the basal ganglia nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus

Amygdaloid nucleus

Putamen

“(CAP ; based god the gangster says no cap)”

33
Q

The Dorsal Pars Compacta and Ventral Pars Compacta compose what brain structure? State the secretions of each of these.

A

Substantia Nigra

Dorsal Pars Compacta: Secretes Dopamine
(contains Melanin so it’s darkly pigmented)

Ventral Pars Compacta: secretes Serotonin and GABA
(contains Iron)

34
Q

Compare the following types of Tracts in the cerebral hemispheres. Which of these forms the internal capsule?

Association:
Commissural:
Projection:

A

Association: Connect regions of the SAME hemisphere (confined to one hemisphere)

Commissural: interconnect the 2 hemispheres

Projection: Connect hemispheres to other parts of the brain/spinal cord (makes up ascending and descending tracts)
Forms the internal capsule

35
Q

State the structures that the following association tract connects

Arcuate Tracts

A

Arcuate Tracts: connect adjacent gyri

36
Q

State the structures that the following association tract connects

Cingulum:

A

Cingulum: connects the frontal, parietal and temporal cortical areas on the medial side of each hemisphere
(lies just superior to the corpus callosum)

37
Q

State the structures that the following association tract connects

Superior longitudinal Fasciculus:

A

Superior longitudinal Fasciculus: Interconnects areas WITHIN the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

38
Q

State the structures that the following association tract connects

Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus:

A

Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus: Interconnects the frontal lobe with the more posterior parts of it’s hemisphere
(located underneath the lateral extension of the corpus callosum)

39
Q

What Association tract makes a sharp bend around the lateral fissure? what 2 parts does this association tract connect?

A

The Uncinate Fasciculus

Connects the orbital surface of the Frontal lobe to the Rostral part of the Temporal Lobe

(Rostral = towards the forehead ; Caudal = Toward the Cord)

40
Q

Which association tract runs between the occipital and frontal lobes in the lateral part of each hemisphere, UNDER the insula?

A

Inferior Occipitofrontal fasciculus

41
Q

What is the main tract the interconnects all neocortical areas of all lobes of the brain and therefore allows the sharing of learning and memory?

A

Corpus Callosum

42
Q

Compare the areas that the following Commissural tracts connect.

Anterior Commissure:
Posterior Commissure:
Hippocampal Commissure:

A

Anterior Commissure: interconnects areas WITHIN the 2 temporal lobes

Posterior Commissure: Connects cerebral hemispheres with superior colliculi

Hippocampal Commissure: Interconnects the 2 hippocampal formations

43
Q

Compare the 2 following projection tracts in terms of the direction they send information

Corticopetal:
Corticofugal:

A

Corticopetal: TO cerebral cortex from the thalamus (mostly)

Corticofugal: FROM the cerebral cortex to the thalamus (and basal nuclei)

44
Q

Compare the 2 following projection tracts in terms of the direction they send information

Corticothalamic fibers:
Thalamocortical fibers:

A

Corticothalamic fibers: From Cerebral cortex to thalamus

Thalamocortical fibers: from thalamus to cerebral cortex

45
Q

State the 2 projection tracts that are part of the pyramidal tracts

A

Corticobulbar projections (from motor cortex to CN nuclei in the brain stem)

Corticospinal projections (form motor cortex to spinal cord)

46
Q

What structure serves as the major projection system between the hippocampus in the temporal lobe and the diencephalon?

A

The Fornix

47
Q

What function does the geniculocalcarine tract conduct and where does this signal originate?

A

Optic radiation, which originates from the lateral geniculate body (goes to the occipital lobe to process visual sensory info)

48
Q

What is Meyer’s loop?

A

the sharp bend that the geniculocalcarine tract takes in its route from the lateral geniculate body to the occipital lobes

49
Q

State the 2 “main” components of the Limbic system. Which of these is especially associated with memory? Which is associated with the emotional component of the learning process?

A

Amygdaloid body: associated with the emotional component of learning

Hippocampus (“seahorse”): associated with memory

50
Q

State the 4 places that the Amygdala receives information from, and the place it sends all of this info.

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Olfactory system
  3. Thalamus
  4. Brainstem reticular formation

Sends all info to the Hypothalamus

51
Q

State what function the following regions of the Amygdala provide.

Large Basolateral region:
Small Corticomedial group of nuclei:
Medial and central nuclei:

A

Large Basolateral region: provides direct input to the basal ganglia and motor system

Small Corticomedial group of nuclei: Related to the olfactory cortex

Medial and central nuclei: connected to the hypothalamus

52
Q

What structure relates environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses? State the 4 responses this structure can coordinate

A

The amygdala

  1. Feeding and drinking
  2. Agnostic (fighting) behavior
  3. Responses to physical/emotional stress
  4. Mating and maternal care

“(FARM)”

53
Q

What is the papez circuit associated with?

A

emotions

54
Q

The following symptoms are characteristics of what pathology? what causes this pathology to occur?

Increase in sexual activity
Compulsive tendency to place objects in mouth
Decreased emotionality
Changes in eating behavior
Visual Agnosia (can’t interpret visual sensory info)

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, which is caused by bilateral destruction of the Amygdala

Anatomy II 2019 (9 decks)

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