Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II 2019 > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the “Thickened plate of cells running above the notochord”?

A

Neural Plate: Thickened plate of cells running above the notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the 3 components that form the tripartite brain AND include what those 3 components will contribute to the pentapartite brain. (list things cranial to caudal)

A

Prosencephalon: Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Mesencephalon: (stays)

Rhombencephalon: Metencephalon and Myencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the pentapartite structures is NOT divided into alar and basal plates, unlike the rest of the structures?

A

Prosencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the Telencephalic vessels become? what about the Optic vesicles?

A

Telencephalic vessels: Become the cerebral hemispheres

Optic Vessels: become the retina of the eyes (diencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the major derivative of the Myelencephalon? what does this structure become continuous with?

A

the Medulla Oblongata and it becomes continuous with the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compare gray matter in the spinal cord with gray matter in the mesencephalon

A

Gray matter in the mesencephalon is organized into discrete nuclei with white matter interspersed among iti

Gray matter in the spinal cord is located centrally and is surrounded by myelinated tracts (white matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What sensory function are the vagal lobes associated with?

A

taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many CN’s leave via the brainstem? what are the 3 components of the brain stem?

A

10 of the 12

  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compare the location of the raphe and raphe nuclei as they relate to one another in the upper medulla.

A

The raphe is a midline structure, and the raphe nuclei are a pair of nuclei that lie just lateral to the raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The raphe nuclei serve as the nucleus for which CN?

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Lateral _______ tracts undergo an 85% decussation in the ______ ______.

A

Corticospinal

Pyramidal Decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where, in cranial/caudal terms, is the pyramidal decussation? what is the main role of the lateral corticospinal tracts?

A

Pyramidal Decussation: at the inferior border of the medulla

Corticospinal tracts: involved in initiating and modulating movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

For the inferior olivary nuclei receive input from where and have it’s axons project to where?

A

Receive input from most motor areas of the brain (and spinal cord)

Axons project to the contralateral hemisphere via the olivocerebellar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the reticular formation associated with?

A

consciousness and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

State the CN nuclei that are considered to be medullary nuclei. What other complex is considered to be medullary nuclei?

A

CN VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII

Vestibular nuclear complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the following and where are they found?

Cardiac Center
Medullary rhythmicity center
Vasomotor center
Center for coordination head movement and swallowing

A

Vital reflex centers that are located in the medulla

17
Q

Describe the inhibitory and excitatory roles of the cardiac center in the medulla

A

Inhibitory via CN X

Excitatory via T1-T5

18
Q

What are some symptoms of Wallenbergs Syndrome, that are caused by damage/occlusion of the following?

Spinothalamic tract:

Spinal Trigeminal tract/nucleus:

Nucleus ambiguus:

Glossopharyngeal nerve:

A

Spinothalamic tract: loss of pain/temp sensation on the contralateral side

Spinal Trigeminal tract/nucleus: Loss of pain/temp sensation on the SAME side of the face and nasal oral cavities

Nucleus ambiguus: Difficulty swallowing and a hoarse, weak voice

Glossopharyngeal nerve: Loss of gag reflex on the SAME side and loss of sensation of the SAME side

19
Q

Describe the path of transverse tracts of the pons. (include what peduncles they pass through)

A

They travel through the middle cerebellar peduncles and connect the pons to the cerebellum

20
Q

State the 2 longitudinal tracts that synapse in the pons

A

Corticopontine: synapse on the pontine nuclei

Corticobulbar tracts: Synaps with the Trigeminal and Facial nerve neurons

21
Q

Where in the brain are the sleep center and respiratory center found? what 2 centers compose the respiratory center?

A

In the pons

Respiratory center = Pneumotaxic and Apneustic

22
Q

In terms of lesions of the lateral half of the pons, describe the symptoms the following will cause.

Trigeminal Nerve:

Medial Lemniscus:

Pontocerebellar fibers:

A

Trigeminal Nerve: Loss of general sensation of the face on the SAME side
Paralysis of muscles of mastication (with chin deviating to the SAME side as the lesion)

Medial Lemniscus: Loss of position/muscle/joint sense on the opposite side as the lesion

Pontocerebellar fibers: Hypotonia, Coarse intention tremor, and Tendency to fall to the SAME side as the lesion

23
Q

Bilateral lesions to the ventral pons leave patients quadriplegic and conscious. Occlusion of what artery causes this? what 2 spinal tracts does this disrupt?

A

Occlusion of the Basilar artery (spares the reticular formation)

Interrupts the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

24
Q

What symptoms occur when there is a bilateral lesion that involves the pons AND the reticular formation?

A

The pt will be in a COMA

25
Q

State the 2 CN nuclei that can be found in the Midbrain. What other important nucleus is found here?

A

CN II and CN IV

Red nucleus (nucleus ruber)

26
Q

The tectum is composed of the superior and inferior colliculi. State the general function of these 2 colliculi.

A

Superior colliculi: Visual reflexes (stimulate motor neurons for eye movement)

Inferior colliculi: Auditory and Olfactory Reflexes

27
Q

In the midbrain, what structure is the continuation of the reticular formation? what is its function?

A

The periaqueductal gray (gray matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct)

it is involved in pain suppression by coordinating somatic and autonomic reactions to pain (or threats or emotion)

28
Q

Describe what the substantia nigra is interconnected with and why its function is.

A

it is interconnected with the basal ganglia

It is involved with coordinating movement and muscle tone

29
Q

Which tract in the red nucleus (found in the tegmentum) contributes to upper limb flexion?

A

the rubrospinal tract

30
Q

Describe the physical cause and symptoms of Decerebrate rigidity

A

caused by a transection of the midbrain that disconnects cerebral control

pt is comatose with an arched back, Forearm pronation, flexed wrists, and plantar flexion
(flexion of the upper and lower extremities)

31
Q

State the 3 pairs of peduncles that connect the brainstem to the cerebellum and where in the brainstem they connect.

A

Superior Peduncle: to Midbrain

Middle Peduncle: to Pons

Inferior Peduncle: to Medulla

32
Q

What structure is the “roof of the mesencephalon? what prominent pair of structures does this house? what structure is the floor of the mesencephalon?

A

tectum, which houses the optic lobes (gray matter masses)

Tegmentum

33
Q

What 2 lobes compose the Corpora Quadrigemina?

A

Corpora Quadrigemina = Optic lobes (Superior colliculi) and the Auditory lobes (Inferior colliculi)

34
Q

Name the structure that lies along the midline of the medulla and midbrain and plays a role in maintaining wakefulness. Describe how this structure is involved in sensory input

A

Reticular Formation

All sensory input that enters the brain via the medulla is sent through the reticular formation, where it’s “Importance” is determined

35
Q

Compare the cell size and location of the 2 zones that make up the RAS (reticular activating system)

A

Magnocellular zone: Large cells found in the medial 2/3rds of the reticular formation

Parvocellular zone: small cells found in lateral regions

Anatomy II 2019 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions