Lecture 22 Special diets Flashcards
What is included in the mediterranean diet?
not so much specific diet but a pattern
high consumption of plant-based foods (ex. fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, etc)
seasonally fresh and locally grown foods, extra virgin olive oil as primary source of dietary lipids
moderate intake of wine (red), fresh fish and seafood, moderate consumption of dairy products, poultry, eggs
low consumption of red and processed meats
Why might the mediterranean diet be a more healthy diet?
quality of fat - diet low in saturated and trans fats but high in monounsaturated fats
diet may increase satiety
high use of olive oil and legumes enhances palatability of diet - increased consumption of foods high in dietary fibre and low in energy density
diets rich in monounsaturated fat improve glucose homeostasis - important in obesity/T2D
What is included in the gluten-free diet (GFD)?
this is a family of proteins found within grains (ex. wheat, rye, barley)
present in endosperm (gliadins and glutenins) - only gliadins have been linked to celiac disease
gliadins are alcohol soluble proteins rich in glutamine and proline, 4 types - alpha, beta, gamma, omega, with alpha thought to be the most damaging
regular western diet typically involves consumption of 10-20 g/day
this diet simply restricts the consumption of foods containing this
subs include: corn, rice, oats, quinoa, amaranth, sorghum, flax, chickpeas
used as a diet for: celiac, non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS), wheat allergy
pancreatic peptidases fail to significantly digest peptides rich in proline and glutamine
for a product to be considered gluten-free it must have <20 mg gluten per kg of product
What happens in celiac disease with exposure to gluten agent, and how is it diagnosed?
exposure to immunogenic gliadin leads to changes in surface epithelium and lamina propria through immune-mediated mechs ⇒ increased IL-15 increases recruitment of cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes ⇒ gliadin becomes more immunogenic once it reaches lamina propria and is deaminated by tissue transglutaminase
Diagnosis: positive celiac disease-specific serology, small bowel biopsy specimens with characteristic histological features, positive response to gluten-free diet
What are some potential beneficial mechanisms associated with intermittent fasting?
better synchronization of body’s inherent circadian rhythm - insulin sensitivity worsens at night time
optimized gut microbiome profiles - decreased stress on GI tract decreasing gut permeability,, improved metabolic homeostasis - decreased circulating lipids, inflammation, circulating insulin and enhanced insulin sensitivity
