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Y2 - CNS > Lecture 22 - Review > Flashcards

Lecture 22 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

What lobe is the hippocampus and amygdala found in?

A

Temporal lobe

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2
Q

What structures make up the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Fornix
Mammillary bodies

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3
Q

Label brain on slide 1 image 1

A
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4
Q

Label image 2

A
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5
Q

What is the output structure of the amygdala?

A

Fornix

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6
Q

What is the fornix?

A

When the 2 hippocampi come together to output to thee mammillary bodies

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7
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies in the limbic system?

A

Receive output from the fornix, and projects to the thalamus or hypothalamus

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8
Q

What are the 2 locations that the mammillary bodies project to in the limbic system?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies projecting to the thalamus in the limbic system?

A

Memories

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10
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies projecting to the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

A

Stress response

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11
Q

How can being an alcoholic lead to memory loss?

A

Alcohol damages and degenerates mammillary bodies

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12
Q

What part of the brain is labelled on slide 3

A

Mammillary bodies

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13
Q

What part of the brain does a stressful thought originate in?

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

What is the pathway of the limbic system?

A

Frontal lobe
Amygdala
Hippocampus to fornix
Mammillary bodies
Send to hypothalamus or thalamus

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15
Q

Once the limbic system reaches the hypothalamus, what hormone is made by the hypothalamus and what then happens to stimulate the stress response?

A

Hypothalamus makes CRH
This stimualtes the. Anterior pituitary to produce ACTH
ACTH stimulates adrenal. Cortex to make cortisol

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16
Q

What affect does cortisol have on the body?

A

Elevates blood glucose
Inc Gluconeogenesis
Reduces inflammatory response in stress responses (so is immunosuppressive can lead to infections)

17
Q

What is the part of the spine that is involved in the stress response?

A

Hypothalamospinal tract

18
Q

What happens involving the hypothalamospinal tract pathway in the stress response?

A

Sympathetic activation from the hypothalamospinal tract leads to the adrenal medulla releasing adrenaline

19
Q

What is the theory for OCDs pathology?

A

Overactive direct stimulatory pathway between cortex and basal ganglia so thought keeps looping into the cortex and stress pathway

20
Q

What level do sympathetic neurones get activated between int he hypothalamospinal tract?

A

T1 - L2

21
Q

What is the main function of the thalamus?

A

Decides whether we perceive sensation
Sends signals to sensory cortex

22
Q

What does overstimulation of the thalamus lead to?

A

Hallucinations

23
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the reticular formation?

A

Consciousness
Maintains muscle tone
Paralysis in REM sleep

24
Q

How is the reticular formation structured in the brain?

A

Network of diffuse neurones in the brainstem

25
Q

What is the type of loop/mechanism which the reticular formation uses to maintain consciousness?

A

Positive feedback back loop

26
Q

Describe the loop which the reticular formation maintains consciousness:

A

Reticular formation sends stimulatory signals to cortex via the reticular activating. System
Cortex then stimulates the reticular reformation leading to a cycle

Cortex can also stimualte itself keeping us awake (thoughts)

27
Q

What are some UMN signs?

A

Spinal shock (Hypotonia -> hypertonia)

Atrophy of disuse
Hyper tonia
Spasticity
Clasp knife rigidity

28
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Hyper tonia
Hyper-reflexia

29
Q

What is clasp knife rigidity?

A

There’s resistance until there isn’t

30
Q

How does clasp knife rigidity occur?

A

Golgi tendon organs activate when the tendon is stretched to the point where damage may occur

31
Q

How do Golgi tendon organs prevent tendon damage?

A

They are supplied by sensory neurones that synapse to inhibitory interneurones

Y2 - CNS (21 decks)

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