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Y2 - CNS > Lecture 10 - Higher Cortical Function (language And Memory) > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Higher Cortical Function (language And Memory) Flashcards

1
Q

How is the cerebral cortex structured?

A

6 layers of cell bodies and dendrites (grey matter)

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2
Q

What type of neurones are the output neurones of the cerebral cortex (e.g UMN)?

A

Pyramidal neurones

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3
Q

What are the 3 type so output neurones from the cerebral cortex?

A

Projection fibres going down to brainstem and cord (UMN))

Commissural fibres going between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

Association fibres connecting nearby regions of cortex in the same hemisphere

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4
Q

Where do most inputs to the cerebral cortex come from?

A

Thalamus and cortical areas

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5
Q

What structure do inputs come from leading to the. Cerebral cortex which maintain cortical activation causing conscienceness?

A

Reticular formation

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6
Q

What is the importance of interneurones?

A

Connect inputs and outputs in a complex way giving rise to:
-behaviour
-emotion
-memory

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the frontal lobes?

A

Motor function (pre central gyrus)

Expression of speech (motor part of speech)

Behaviour regualtion

Cognition

Eye movements

Continence

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8
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere is the main hemisphere involved in the expression of speech?

Which lobe?

A

Left hemisphere

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

What type of dementia do patients often become aggressive and erratic in behaviour?

Why?

A

Fronto-temporal dementia

Frontal lobe affected leading to behavioural regressionnn since frontal lobe regulates/inhibts behaviour

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10
Q

Why would damage to the frontal lobe cause problems with conjugate gaze and other. Eye movements?

A

Frontal lobe contains frontal eye fields

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11
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

A

Sensory (posterior to central gyrus, post-central sulcus)

Comprehension of speech

Body image

Awareness of external environment (attention)

Calculation and writing

Visual pathways

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12
Q

Which parietal lobe is important in body image?

A

Right parietal lobe

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13
Q

What is meant by the parietal lobes are repsonsible for body image?

A

Understands that your body exists

E.g someone has bilateral parietal lobe damage, they think they are dead and think that their body is rotting away

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14
Q

What is neglect in terms of parietal lobe damage?

A

When a parietal lobe (normally the right parietal lobe) is damaged people think that one Half of the universe doesn’t exist (pretends left side of whatever’s in front of them doesn’t exist)

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15
Q

Which hemisphere/parietal lobe is repsonsible for the COMPREHENSION of speech?

A

Left hemisphere

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16
Q

What visual pathway projects through the white matter of the parietal lobes?

A

Superior optic radiations

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17
Q

What other lobe does the parietal lobe work with to do calculation and writing?

A

Frontal lobe

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18
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobes?

A

Comprehension of speech
Hearing
Memory
Emoticon
Visual pathways pass through

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19
Q

Which visual pathways pass through the temporal lobes?

A

Inferior optic radiations

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20
Q

Which temporal lobe/hemisphere is predominantly responsible for comprehension of speech?

A

Left hemisphere / left temporal lobe

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21
Q

What type of processing does the left hemisphere do?

What type of processing does the right hemisphere do?

A

L = sequential processing

R = whole picture processing

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22
Q

What are some sequential processes that the left hemisphere is repsonsible for?

A

Language
Mathematics/logic

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23
Q

What are some whole picture processes that the right hemisphere is repsonsible for?

A

Body image
Visuospatial awareness
Emotion
Music

24
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

What is its function?

A

Bundle of white matter connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres together

25
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere predominately does language?

A

LEFT hemisphere

26
Q

What is Broca’s area/what is its function?

A

Part of the language pathway

PRODUCES SPEECH

27
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Inferior lateral frontal lobe

So near the primary motor cortex (lateral part of pre-central gyrus responsible for motor function to the face) which makes sense

28
Q

What is Wernicke’s area/what is its function?

A

Interprets language

29
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

Superior temporal lobe

Located near the auditory cortex

30
Q

What sends signals to Wernickes area for interpretation?

A

Auditory cortex

31
Q

What structure connects Wernickes area to Broca’s area?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

32
Q

What does Broca’s area send signals to after receiving input from Wernickes area via the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Lateral part of pre central gyrus (primary motor cortex)

33
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

34
Q

Go to slide 12 and label the language pathways:

A
35
Q

What is the language pathway for repeating a heard word?

A

Auditory cortex receives input from the cochlea and then sends it to Wernickes area
Information then sent to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus
Broca’s area then sends inputs to the primary motor cortex (lateral aspect of pre central sulcus)
Word then spoken

36
Q

What is the effect of damaging the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Conduction Aphasia

The patient cant repeat a heard despite good language interpretation and ability to produce speech

37
Q

Go to slide 13 and label the language pathway for repeating a heard word:

A
38
Q

What is the language pathway for speaking a written word:

A

Signals from visual cortex (received via optic nerve) transmitted to Wernickes area
Signal travels along arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area which then projects onto the lateral aspect of the. Pre central gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Speech is then produced

39
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe (around calcarine sulcus)

40
Q

What is the language pathway for speaking a thought?

A

Wernickes area receives many inputs from various areas of the cerebral cortex
Sends impulses along the arcuate fasciculus to Broca’s area
Signals sent from Broca’s area to the lateral aspect of primary motor cortex

41
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia?

A

Stroke affects Wernickes area

Leads to speech being very fluent but not making any sense (it hasn’t been interpreted)

42
Q

What is Brocas aphasia?

A

Stroke affects Broca’s area

Patient cat get the words out but can understand what is being asked

43
Q

What are the 2 types of memory?

A

Declarative

Non-declarative

44
Q

What is Declarative memory?

A

Memories that are facts or explicit

45
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Motor skills (riding a bike)
Emotions
Implicit

46
Q

Where are memories generally thought to be stored?

A

All throughout the brain but predominantly in the area that processed the initial memory

47
Q

Where are declarative (factual) memories generally stored?

A

Cerebral cortex

48
Q

Where are non declarative (emotional, motorskills) memories generally stored?

A

Basal ganglia + cerebellum

49
Q

What is short term memory ?

A

Essentially where axons of cortical circuits reverberate for seconds to minutes storing the memories for seconds to minutes

50
Q

What is long term memory??
What does it need for it to form?

A

Memory stored for very long periods of time after CONSOLIDATION.

51
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for consolidation of declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

What lobe of the brain is the hippocampus located in?

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

What systems contribute to the hippocampus being able to consolidate declarative memories?

A

Visual system
Auditory system
Limbic system (emotion)
Somatosensory system

54
Q

What structures change as a result of memory consolidation?

A

Synapses strengthen

55
Q

What is the mechanism by which synaptic strengthening occurs to consolidate memories?

A

Long Term Potentiation

56
Q

Describe how long term potentiation causes memory consolidation via synaptic strengthening:

A

Inc glutamate receptors in synapses

Axonal sprouting can occur forming new physical connections

Y2 - CNS (21 decks)

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